Table 2.

Decoding, vocabulary, and reading comprehension by outcome group at age 8 and age 9 (dyslexia, DLD, comorbid dyslexia + DLD, and TD control group) showing effect size of deficit between each clinical group and TD control (Cohen’s d; 95% confidence intervals)

	TD control		Dyslexia			DLD			Dys + DLD
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	d	Mean	SD	d	Mean	SD	d
Vocaba t5	0.52	0.63	0.13	0.59	0.63 [0.12; 1.13]	−0.86	0.52	2.33 [1.81; 2.84]	−1.06	0.63	2.51 [1.93; 3.07]
Vocaba t6	0.46	0.77	0.10	0.77	0.77 [0.26; 1.27]	−1.78	0.56	3.60 [2.96; 4.24]	−0.97	0.60	3.29 [2.63; 3.93]
Nonword Readingb t5	0.44	0.59	−1.10	0.70	2.47 [1.85; 3.09]	0.00	0.64	0.72 [.31; 1.14]	−1.29	0.76	2.68 [2.08; 3.27]
Nonword Readingb t6	0.44	0.66	−1.10	0.69	2.33 [1.69; 2.97]	−0.06	0.66	0.76 [.33; 1.19]	−1.32	0.81	2.50 [1.92; 3.07]
Read Compc t5	60.98	8.48	56.45	9.85	0.51 [0.03; 0.99]	48.84	6.44	1.56 [1.10; 2.01]	45.96	8.10	1.79 [1.24; 2.34]
Read Compc t6	67.38	7.13	63.18	6.70	0.60 [0.05; 1.14]	55.74	8.05	1.56 [1.09; 2.03]	51.39	9.39	2.06 [1.46; 2.62]

^aVocabulary factor score (expressive and receptive vocabulary).

^bNonword reading factor score (nonword reading accuracy and timed nonword reading efficiency).

^cYork Assessment of Reading and Comprehension (YARC), ability score.