Table 3.

Mean (SD) reading and vocabulary skills at age 8 (t5) and age 9 (t6) for dyslexia, DLD, and comorbid group relative to TD control (normal outcome) with standardized mean differences (Cohen’s d) between the clinical groups and control group

	TD control		Dyslexia			DLD			Dys + DLD
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	d	Mean	SD	d	Mean	SD	d
Expressive vocaba t5	50.02	6.26	45.90	4.46	0.70 [0.19; 1.2]	34.24	5.99	2.56 [2.02; 3.09]	31.72	7.17	2.79 [2.19; 3.39]
Expressive vocaba t6	53.25	5.42	50.28	7.94	0.49 [−0.04; 1.02]	41.09	6.02	2.16 [1.64; 2.67]	37.50	7.72	2.54 [1.96; 3.11]
Receptive vocabb t5	102.63	12.36	96.81	13.35	0.46 [−0.04; 0.96]	84.05	11.33	1.55 [1.09; 2.00]	81.45	11.16	1.76 [1.25; 2.27]
Receptive vocabb t6	113.14	14.16	106.44	12.38	0.49 [−0.04; 1.01]	91.47	9.94	1.68 [1.20; 2.16]	88.71	10.21	1.86 [1.34; 2.38]
NW readingc t5	17.06	2.92	9.00	5.09	2.26 [1.66; 2; 86]	15.16	3.63	0.59 [0.18; 1.00]	7.00	5.51	2.58 [2.0; 3.15]
NW readingd t6	23.58	5.00	11.78	5.64	2.29 [1.66; 2.92]	20.09	5.34	0.68 [0.25; 1.11]	9.96	6.81	2.43 [1.86; 2.99]
Exception wordsd t5	23.57	3.56	12.05	5.96	2.69 [2.03; 3.33]	19.18	4.60	1.10 [0.66; 1.53]	9.93	6.30	2.99 [2.35; 3.62]
Exception wordsd t6	25.67	2.66	17.78	6.56	2.06 [1.44; 2.66]	22.32	3.66	1.10 [0.65; 1.54]	13.32	6.39	2.98 [2.35; 3.59]
Wd Read Ratee t5	65.09	10.06	36.57	15.16	2.48 [1.86; 3.10]	55.26	11.79	0.92 [0.49; 1.33]	33.11	18.05	2.46 [1.89; 3.03]
NW Read Ratee t5	35.33	10.43	13.29	7.58	2.24 [1.64; 24]	27.87	10.24	0.72 [0.30; 1.13]	11.78	8.44	2.38 [1.81; 2.95]
Wd Read Ratee t6	70.97	8.51	49.11	15.88	2.08 [1.46; 2.69]	62.85	10.18	0.89 [0.45; 1.32]	39.43	19.98	2.42 [1.84; 2.98]
NW Read Ratee t6	40.00	10.16	18.22	10.44	2.13 [1.51; 2.74]	32.26	10.96	0.74 [0.31; 1.17]	15.36	11.70	2.31 [1.75; 2.87]

^aClinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF4).

^bReceptive One Word Vocabulary Test ROWPVT.

^cGraded Nonword Reading Test (GNWRT).

^dDiagnostic Test of Word Reading Processes (DTWRP).

^eTest of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE).