Table 1.
Maternal, household and child baseline characteristics among CHEU and CHU
| Baseline characteristica | CHEU | CHU | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mothers [N] | 216 | 1195 | |
| Children [N] | 219 | 1206 | |
| Trial arm | |||
| SOC | 68/219 (31.1%) | 387/1206 (32.1%) | 0.77 |
| IYCF | 68/219 (31.1%) | 398/1206 (33.0%) | |
| WASH | 83/219 (37.9%) | 421/1206 (34.9%) | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||
| Mean age (SD), years | 30.7 (6.3) | 26.4 (6.6) | <0.0001 |
| Mean height (SD), cm | 160.6 (6.5) | 160.3 (6.0) | 0.50 |
| Mean MUAC (SD), cm | 26.5 (3.2) | 26.5 (3.2) | 0.92 |
| Mean completed schooling (SD), years | 9.1 (2.1) | 9.6 (1.8) | 0.0008 |
| Median parity (IQR) | 2.5 (2, 3) | 2 (1, 3) | <0.0001 |
| Married | 191/200 (95.5%) | 1073/1125 (95.4%) | 0.94 |
| Employed | 18/208 (8.7%) | 107/1110 (9.6%) | 0.66 |
| Religion | |||
| Apostolic | 100/216 (46.3%) | 555/1195 (46.4%) | 0.057 |
| Other Christian religions | 80/216 (37.0%) | 509/1195 (42.6%) | |
| Other non‐Christian religions | 36/216 (16.7%) | 131/1195 (11.0%) | |
| Maternal capabilitiesb | |||
| Mean gender norms and attitudes score (SD) | 2.32 (0.82) | 2.30 (0.82) | 0.94 |
| Mean perceived social support score (SD) | 3.54 (0.64) | 3.61 (0.58) | 0.15 |
| Mean perceived physical health (SD) | 3.54 (1.00) | 3.42 (1.00) | 0.14 |
| Mean mothering self‐efficacy score (SD) | 4.05 (0.37) | 3.98 (0.40) | 0.020 |
| Mean perceived time stress score (SD) | 2.82 (0.75) | 2.64 (0.70) | 0.012 |
| Median decision‐making autonomy (IQR) | 5 (4,5) | 5 (4,5) | 0.78 |
| Mean Edinburgh postnatal depression score (SD) | 3.31 (4.59) | 2.47 (3.78) | 0.006 |
| HIV disease severity and treatment | |||
| Mean CD4 count in pregnancy (SD), cells/μLc | 456 (210) | N/A | |
| Documented antiretroviral therapy during pregnancyd | 185/216 (85.7%) | N/A | |
| Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate‐based ART regimen | 134/185 (72.4%) | N/A | |
| Zidovudine‐based ART regimen | 29/185 (15.7%) | N/A | |
| Other/unknown ART regimene | 22/185 (11.9%) | N/A | |
| Documented co‐trimoxazole prophylaxis during pregnancyf | 137/216 (63.4%) | N/A | |
| Household characteristics | |||
| Median household size (IQR) | 4 (3, 6) | 5 (3, 6) | 0.32 |
| Median coping strategies index score (IQR)g | 2 (0, 11) | 1 (0, 8) | 0.006 |
| Wealth quintileh | |||
| Lowest | 50/209 (23.9%) | 193/1115 (17.3%) | 0.091 |
| Second | 43/209 (20.6%) | 218/1115 (19.6%) | |
| Middle | 45/209 (21.5%) | 233/1115 (20.9%) | |
| Fourth | 36/209 (17.2%) | 244/1115 (21.9%) | |
| Highest | 35/209 (16.8%) | 227/1115 (20.4%) | |
| Child characteristics | |||
| Female | 105/219 (48.0%) | 609/1206 (50.5%) | 0.48 |
| Mean birth weight (SD), kg | 3.00 (0.49) | 3.09 (0.47) | 0.057 |
| Birth weight <2500 g | 24/219 (11.4%) | 100/1117 (8.7%) | 0.39 |
| Institutional delivery | 183/212 (86.3%) | 1015/1139 (89.1%) | 0.23 |
| Vaginal delivery | 198/214 (92.8%) | 1086/1169 (92.9%) | 0.84 |
CHEU, children HIV‐exposed but uninfected; CHU, children HIV‐unexposed; IQR, interquartile range; IYCF, Infant and Young Child Feeding; MUAC, Mid‐upper arm circumference; SD, standard deviation; SOC, Standard of Care; WASH, Water and Sanitation/Hygiene.
Baseline variables presented for mothers who had live births. Maternal and household data were collected about two weeks after consent (approximately 14 weeks gestation); this gap created opportunity for loss to follow‐up between consent and baseline, thus the number of mothers completing baseline visit is smaller than the number of mothers with live births. Baseline for infants was at birth. Values are %, unless noted. For variables where [n] is not stated, <3% of data are missing based on number of baseline visits completed
maternal capabilities scores are described in Matare et al. 15 whereby scores generated for each of the caregiver capabilities measure, higher values represent greater decision‐making autonomy, more liberal gender norm attitudes, higher levels of depressive symptoms, greater mothering self‐efficacy, perceptions of better physical health, perceptions of more social support and perceptions of high levels of time stress
CD4 count at baseline visit, or at 32 gestational week visit if no baseline result
documented antiretroviral therapy use during pregnancy; only available for 187/216 (85.7%) women;
includes non‐TDF‐ or AZT‐based regimens; use of both TDF and AZT during pregnancy (including switching regimens); or undocumented antiretroviral therapy regimen
documented co‐trimoxazole prophylaxis use during pregnancy; only available for 134/216 (63.4%) women
the Coping Strategy Index is a measure of household food security (CARE and World Food Program, 2003).
described in Chasekwa et al. 14.