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. 2020 Jun 26;8:91. doi: 10.1186/s40478-020-00965-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Chronic stress promotes RBM45 nuclear inclusion formation. HEK293 cells were treated with three separate cellular stressors for varying durations to examine the effects of chronic and acute cellular stress on the subcellular distribution of RBM45 and nuclear stress body (NSB) formation. a In untreated cells, the distribution of RBM45 is diffuse and nuclear and no SAFB-positive NSBs are visible. b Acute treatment (6 h) with the genotoxic stressor mitoxantrone (MTX; 5 μM) induces the formation of RBM45- and SAFB-positive NSBs. c Chronic treatment with MTX (24 h; 1 μM) leads to the formation of RBM45 inclusions via NSB formation. At 24 h, RBM45 nuclear inclusions are no longer positive for the NSB marker SAFB. (d and e) Similar results were obtained with acute (d) and chronic (e) treatment of cells with the oxidative stressor cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄; 30 μM [acute] or 5 μM [chronic]) and the NSB marker SAFB. f and g Similar results were also obtained for acute and chronic treatment of HEK293 cells with sodium arsenite (Ars; 1 mM [acute; g] or 0.1 mM [chronic; h]). For all images, scale bar = 5 μm