Table 3.
Level | Articulated by (occurrences across included studies if > 1) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Patient | Clinician | Both | |
Patient |
All patients None |
All patients None |
All patients none |
Women patients none |
Women patients none |
Women patients Communication skills/style |
|
Clinician |
All patients • Listen to patient; focus attention on them, not computer • Ask questions to fully understand patient’s concern • Acknowledge concerns • Offer comfort and encouragement • Prepare ahead of time • Be honest about diagnosis • Treat patient as person and not a disease Women patients • Time to ask questions • Lack of judgment • Being provided with information so they could be involved in decisions • Perceived clinical competency |
All patients • Coordinate tests and appointments (2) • Personal dedication (2) • Devote more time to consultations or divide tasks into multiple consultations (2) • Self-awareness of the influence of one’s own culture • Take time to describe how the healthcare system works • Ensure the patient accepts use of an interpreter • Learn a few words of patient’s language Women patients none |
All patients • Establish rapport: greet and welcome the patient, take time to chat informally, adopt a friendly, caring and respectful manner (7) • Clear communication: speak slowly, use short sentences, explain topics in various ways, avoid medical jargon (4) • Doctor of same culture or gender, or of older age (3) • Take extra time to ensure/check comprehension (3) • Recognize/accommodate/respect cultural differences (3) • Become familiar with patient’s culture and migration journey (3) • Involve personal support network as interpreters (2) • Use skilled interpreters rather than family (2) • Use verbal and audiovisual rather than written communication (may lack literacy even in own written language (2) • Personalize care, don’t generalize to culture or country of origin Women patients • Gender (2) • Communication skills • Ethnicity/religion |
Organization or system |
All patients none Women patients none |
All patients • Collaboration with community agencies • Promote a culture of diversity • Access to language services (2) Women patients none |
All patients • Offer orientation to or tours of healthcare services (4) • Multidisciplinary teamwork (3) • Continuity of health care team Women patients none |