Table 4.
Results of logistic regressions of the different forms of IPV and the explanatory factors
| Characteristics | Model on emotional IPV | Model on sexual IPV | Model on physical IPV | Model on any IPV | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 25–34 | 0.79 | (0.64–0.98) | 0.03 | 0.78 | (0.61–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.76 | (0.60–0.96) | 0.02 | 0.75 | (0.60–0.95) | 0.02 |
| 35+ | 0.88 | (0.61–1.28) | 0.51 | 0.74 | (0.50–1.10) | 0.13 | 0.86 | (0.59–1.26) | 0.44 | 0.81 | (0.55–1.19) | 0.28 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| No education (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.05 | (0.84–1.32) | 0.67 | 1.37 | (1.07–1.76) | 0.01 | 1.25 | (0.99–1.58) | 0.06 | 1.20 | (0.97–1.49) | 0.10 |
| Secondary+ | 0.89 | (0.67–1.19) | 0.44 | 1.00 | (0.73–1.36) | 1.00 | 1.01 | (0.76–1.36) | 0.92 | 1.02 | (0.78–1.33) | 0.89 |
| Partner’s education | ||||||||||||
| No education (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Primary | 1.01 | (0.78–1.13) | 0.92 | 1.27 | (0.97–1.67) | 0.08 | 1.20 | (0.95–1.52) | 0.13 | 1.19 | (0.93–1.52) | 0.16 |
| Secondary+ | 0.85 | (0.64–1.13) | 0.27 | 1.04 | (0.77–1.40) | 0.78 | 0.89 | (0.68–1.17) | 0.39 | 0.89 | (0.67–1.19) | 0.44 |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Central (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Eastern | 1.08 | (0.84–1.41) | 0.54 | 1.53 | (1.16–2.01) | 0.00 | 1.04 | (0.82–1.32) | 0.75 | 1.18 | (0.89–1.55) | 0.25 |
| Northern | 1.31 | (1.01–1.70) | 0.04 | 0.80 | (0.59–1.08) | 0.14 | 1.31 | (1.02–1.69) | 0.04 | 1.28 | (1.01–1.62) | 0.04 |
| Western | 2.17 | (1.75–2.70) | 0.00 | 1.51 | (1.18–1.93) | 0.00 | 1.28 | (1.02–1.62) | 0.04 | 1.69 | (1.37–2.08) | 0.00 |
| Wealth status | ||||||||||||
| Poorest (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Poorer | 0.88 | (0.70–1.10) | 0.27 | 1.10 | (0.86–1.40) | 0.45 | 0.79 | (0.63–1.00) | 0.04 | 0.80 | (0.64–1.01) | 0.06 |
| Middle | 1.04 | (0.78–1.38) | 0.80 | 1.07 | (0.82–1.41) | 0.62 | 0.71 | (0.56–0.91) | 0.01 | 0.83 | (0.65–1.07) | 0.15 |
| Richer | 0.94 | (0.72–1.23) | 0.65 | 1.19 | (0.89–1.59) | 0.25 | 0.67 | (0.51–0.89) | 0.01 | 0.78 | (0.61–1.00) | 0.05 |
| Richest | 0.93 | (0.67–1.30) | 0.69 | 1.01 | (0.69–1.47) | 0.98 | 0.53 | (0.39–0.72) | 0.00 | 0.63 | (0.47–0.84) | 0.00 |
| Witnessing parental violence | ||||||||||||
| No (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.74 | (1.48–2.05) | 0.00 | 1.75 | (1.49–2.06) | 0.00 | 1.66 | (1.42–1.94) | 0.00 | 1.90 | (1.62–2.23) | 0.00 |
| Partner controlling behaviors | ||||||||||||
| No (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Yes | 5.24 | (4.56–6.46) | 0.00 | 4.19 | (3.36–5.22) | 0.00 | 3.66 | (3.06–4.37) | 0.00 | 5.20 | (4.46–6.07) | 0.00 |
| Economic empowerment | ||||||||||||
| Not empowered (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Empowered | 1.09 | (0.88–1.35) | 0.44 | 0.77 | (0.60–0.99) | 0.04 | 0.90 | (0.73–1.12) | 0.36 | 0.82 | (0.66–1.02) | 0.07 |
| Duration of relationship in years | ||||||||||||
| 0–4 (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 5–9 | 1.75 | (1.41–2.18) | 0.00 | 1.66 | (1.28–2.14) | 0.00 | 1.85 | (1.49–2.30) | 0.00 | 1.85 | (1.50–2.29) | 0.00 |
| 10–14 | 2.11 | (1.60–2.78) | 0.00 | 1.87 | (1.32–2.64) | 0.00 | 2.12 | (1.60–2.82) | 0.00 | 2.52 | (1.91–3.34) | 0.00 |
| 15–19 | 1.84 | (1.32–2.58) | 0.00 | 1.92 | (1.27–2.91) | 0.00 | 1.97 | (1.39–2.79) | 0.00 | 2.24 | (1.56–3.22) | 0.00 |
| 20+ | 1.97 | (1.28–3.03) | 0.00 | 1.73 | (1.05–2.85) | 0.03 | 2.60 | (1.70–3.97) | 0.00 | 2.76 | (1.75–4.35) | 0.00 |
| Number of co-wives | ||||||||||||
| None (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| One or more co-wives | 1.16 | (0.98–1.37) | 0.09 | 1.09 | (0.90–1.31) | 0.38 | 1.08 | (0.91–1.28) | 0.40 | 1.05 | (0.89–1.25) | 0.55 |
| Age at first marriage | ||||||||||||
| Below 18 years (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 18+ years | 0.97 | (0.83–1.14) | 0.73 | 1.40 | (1.16–1.69) | 0.00 | 0.98 | (0.83–1.15) | 0.77 | 1.15 | (0.99–1.35) | 0.07 |
| Frequency of partner being drunk | ||||||||||||
| Never (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Often | 3.61 | (2.48–5.25) | 0.00 | 2.16 | (1.43–3.25) | 0.00 | 3.36 | (2.48–5.31) | 0.00 | 4.19 | (2.87–6.12) | 0.00 |
| Sometimes | 1.91 | (1.34–2.73) | 0.00 | 1.42 | (0.95–2.12) | 0.09 | 1.59 | (1.13–2.24) | 0.01 | 2.51 | (1.79–3.54) | 0.00 |
| Parity | ||||||||||||
| None (RC) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 1–4 | 1.54 | (1.09–2.18) | 0.02 | 1.21 | (0.80–1.81) | 0.34 | 2.22 | (1.59–3.08) | 0.00 | 1.76 | (1.27–2.44) | 0.00 |
| 5+ | 1.61 | (1.07–2.43) | 0.02 | 1.49 | (0.95–2.35) | 0.09 | 2.28 | (1.56–3.33) | 0.00 | 1.97 | (1.35–2.89) | 0.00 |