Figure 4.

Causal network for discussion of Thames Valley flooding. Arrows indicate the direction of causal influence, but can include the effects of feedbacks. Note that “warming” and “jet stream” are not independent, as they are both affected by “climate change.” The blue shading indicates elements whose causality lies in the weather and climate domain, the gray shading indicates those in the environment and ecosystems domain, and the orange shading indicates a combination of the two. See the text for further details concerning this example.