Table 4.

Odds ratio of dementia in relation to individual characteristics and environmental exposure in the residential township of the study subjects (Environmental exposure according to tertile classification)

Variables	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Intercept (SD)a	0.05 (0.03)	−0.16* (0.05)	−0.06 (0.06)	−0.30* (0.06)	−0.34* (0.08)
Physical environments
Parks, greeneries, and square area (ref: Low)b
Medium	0.98 (0.92–1.04)		0.98 (0.91–1.04)	0.97 (0.91–1.04)	0.97 (0.91–1.04)
High	1.02 (0.95–1.09)		1.02 (0.95–1.09)	1.01 (0.94–1.09)	1.00 (0.93–1.08)
Playgrounds and sport venues (ref: Low)b
Medium	0.98 (0.92–1.05)		0.98 (0.92–1.04)	0.98 (0.92–1.05)	0.97 (0.90–1.04)
High	0.88* (0.82–0.95)		0.88* (0.81–0.95)	0.88* (0.82–0.96)	0.88* (0.81–0.95)
Community center (ref: Low)b
Medium	0.92*(0.87–0.99)		0.92*(0.86–0.99)	0.94 (0.87–1.00)	0.95 (0.88–1.02)
High	0.94 (0.86–1.02)		0.94 (0.86–1.04)	0.95 (0.86–1.05)	0.98 (0.88–1.08)
Social environments
Median annual family income (ref: Low)b
Medium		1.13* (1.04–1.23)	1.12* (1.03–1.22)	1.11* (1.01–1.21)	1.09 (0.99–1.19)
High		1.14*(1.04–1.25)	1.08 (0.98–1.19)	1.04 (0.94–1.15)	1.01 (0.91–1.12)
Illiterate people aged≧65 (ref: Low)b
Medium		1.04 (0.97–1.13)	1.04 (0.97–1.12)	1.05 (0.98–1.12)	1.04 (0.97–1.12)
High		1.02 (0.94–1.11)	1.03 (0.95–1.12)	1.05 (0.96–1.15)	1.06 (0.97–1.15)
Elderly living alone (ref: Low)b
Medium		1.00 (0.93–1.06)	1.01 (0.95–1.07)	1.01 (0.94–1.07)	1.01 (0.95–1.08)
High		1.05 (0.97–1.14)	1.06 (0.98–1.15)	1.07 (0.99–1.16)	1.08 (0.99–1.18)

In the null model, the estimated error variance level-2 Intercept (SD) was also 0.02685 (0.005013), p < .0001

^aSD Standard deviation

^b Low: < 33%, Medium: 34–65%; High: ≥ 66%

Model 3: Model 1 + Model 2

Model 4: Model 1 + Model 2+ individual variables (insurance premium, occupational status, and number of comorbidities)

Model 5: Model 4+ hospitals and clinics, and urbanization status

* p < 0.05