Table 1.

Antigen uptake by lymph node dendritic cells following immunization with depot-forming and LN-targeted vaccines.

Vaccine category	Material	Time	% DC Uptake*	Particle Size	Injection Site	Ref
Depot forming vaccines (Cell mediated antigen trafficking)
Alum	Alum Alum	48 hrs 48 hrs	0.01% 0.0065%	-- --	i.m. i.m.	[44] [102]
Injected scaffolds	Fibrous MR scaffold Macroporous PLGA scaffold	168 hrs 168 hrs	2% 0.64%	-- --	s.c. (flank) s.c.	[272] [80]
Large Particulates (200 to 2000 nm)	PRINT particles	48 hrs	2%	1000 nm	s.c. (flank)	[333]
LN Targeting vaccines
Liposomes	Liposomes Liposomes	24 hrs 48 hrs	6% 3%	150 nm 200 nm	s.c. (tail base) s.c. (tail base)	[161] [112]
Small Nanoparticles	alhydrogel NPs PRINT particles PPS NPs PPS NPs polymer nanogels poly-γ glutamic acid NPs	24 hrs 48 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs	2% 20% 5% 30% 45% 40% (CD205+ DCs)	85 nm 180x80 nm 100 nm 45 nm 40 nm 38 nm	s.c. (footpad) s.c. (flank) s.c. s.c. s.c. (footpad) s.c. (tail base)	[169] [333] [116] [116] [167] [334]
Molecular Chaperones	Protein G albumin binding domain recombinant antigen albumin-binding lipid vaccine albumin-binding small molecule vaccine anti-DEC205 Ab chaperone	24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs	12% 65% 71% 38%	-- 6 nm 6 nm --	s.c. (tail base) s.c. (tail base) s.c. (tail base) s.c. (footpad)	[127] [29] [128] [133]

*Percentage of lymph node CD11c⁺ cells found to be positive for antigen acquisition by flow cytometry at 24-48 hr post immunization.

i.m.: intramuscular, s.c.: subcutaneous