Table 2.
Association between hydrochlorothiazide exposure and skin, lip and oral cavity cancer using a 2 year lag‐time
| All patients | Cases | Controls | Crude IRRa | Adjusted IRRb | Adjusted IRR with smoking & BMIc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Squamous cell carcinoma | |||||
| Nonuse | 7420 | 149 313 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 140 | 1881 | 1.50 (1.26–1.78) | 1.22 (1.02–1.45) | 1.25 (1.05–1.48) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 89 | 1403 | 1.28 (1.03–1.59) | 1.03 (0.83–1.28) | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) |
| ▪ 25 000–49 999 | 29 | 347 | 1.69 (1.15–2.47) | 1.38 (0.95–2.03) | 1.44 (0.98–2.11) |
| ▪ ≥50 000 | 22 | 131 | 3.40 (2.16–5.35) | 2.93 (1.85–4.62) | 3.05 (1.93–4.81) |
| Basal cell carcinoma | |||||
| Nonuse | 88 130 | 1 766 158 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 958 | 15 554 | 1.24 (1.16–1.32) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 714 | 11 756 | 1.13 (1.04–1.24) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 1.08 (0.995–1.16) |
| ▪ 25 000–49 999 | 169 | 2758 | 1.21 (1.03–1.43) | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) |
| ▪ ≥50 000 | 75 | 1040 | 1.42 (1.10–1.84) | 1.30 (1.03–1.65) | 1.34 (1.06–1.69) |
| Melanoma | |||||
| Nonuse | 11 099 | 222 293 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 86 | 1407 | 1.23 (0.99–1.53) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 66 | 1081 | 1.23 (0.95–1.57) | 1.11 (0.86–1.42) | 1.08 (0.85–1.40) |
| ▪ 25 000–49 999 | 16 | 246 | 1.31 (0.79–2.17) | 1.18 (0.71–1.96) | 1.17 (0.70–1.94) |
| ▪ ≥50 000 | 4 | 80 | 1.00 (0.37–2.74) | 0.90 (0.33–2.45) | 0.89 (0.33–2.43) |
| Lip cancer | |||||
| Nonuse | 699 | 70 047 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 8 | 453 | 1.78 (0.88–3.61) | 1.63 (0.80–3.33) | 1.77 (0.88–3.61) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 6 | 345 | 1.75 (0.78–3.95) | 1.61 (0.71–3.66) | 1.82 (0.80–4.14) |
| ▪ 25 000–49 999 | 2 | 108 | 2.35 (0.58–9.59) | 2.23 (0.54–9.16) | 2.12 (0.52–8.74) |
| ▪ ≥50 000 | 0 | 22 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Oral cavity cancer | |||||
| Nonuse | 3490 | 69 802 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 26 | 518 | 1.00 (0.68–1.49) | 0.84 (0.56–1.26) | 0.90 (0.60–1.36) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 22 | 387 | 1.14 (0.74–1.75) | 0.94 (0.60–1.46) | 1.01 (0.64–1.57) |
| ▪ 25 000–49 999 | 3 | 104 | 0.58 (0.18–1.82) | 0.51 (0.16–1.61) | 0.53 (0.17–1.69) |
| ▪ ≥50 000 | 1 | 27 | 0.74 (0.10–5.46) | 0.74 (0.10–5.50) | 0.88 (0.12–6.58) |
a
Matched on sex and age only.
b
Additionally adjusted for; any use of selected drugs with suggested photosensitizing properties (retinoids, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, amiodarone); any use of drugs with suggested antineoplastic effects (aspirin, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, and statins); history of alcohol abuse, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the Charlson comorbidity index.
c
Adjusted for confounders in B plus smoking status and BMI.