Table 3.
Association between hydrochlorothiazide exposure and skin, lip and oral cavity cancer using a 5 year lag‐time
| All patients | Cases | Controls | Adjusted IRRa | Adjusted IRRb | Adjusted IRR with smoking and BMIc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Squamous cell carcinoma | |||||
| Nonuse | 7458 | 149 791 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 102 | 1403 | 1.46 (1.19–1.79) | 1.19 (0.97–1.46) | 1.22 (0.99–1.50) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 68 | 1131 | 1.21 (0.95–1.55) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) |
| ▪ 25 000–49 999 | 23 | 204 | 2.27 (1.48–3.50) | 1.90 (1.23–2.94) | 2.00 (1.30–3.09) |
| ▪ ≥50 000 | 11 | 68 | 3.27 (1.73–6.20) | 2.77 (1.46–5.29) | 2.91 (1.53–5.55) |
| Basal cell carcinoma | |||||
| Nonuse | 88 437 | 1 770 860 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 651 | 10 852 | 1.20 (1.11–1.30) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 523 | 8708 | 1.20 (1.10–1.32) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) |
| ▪ 25 000–49 999 | 82 | 1547 | 1.06 (0.85–1.33) | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) |
| ▪ ≥50 000 | 46 | 597 | 1.55 (1.14–2.09) | 1.41 (1.04–1.90) | 1.44 (1.07–1.95) |
| Melanoma | |||||
| Nonuse | 11 123 | 222 759 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 62 | 941 | 1.32 (1.02–1.71) | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 50 | 768 | 1.31 (0.98–1.74) | 1.18 (0.88–1.57) | 1.16 (0.87–1.55) |
| ▪ 25 000–49 999 | 11 | 127 | 1.74 (0.94–3.23) | 1.58 (0.85–2.93) | 1.57 (0.85–2.92) |
| ▪ nu 50 000 | 1 | 46 | 0.44 (0.06–3.16) | 0.38 (0.05–2.75) | 0.37 (0.05–2.69) |
| Lip cancer | |||||
| Nonuse | 700 | 70 214 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 7 | 286 | 2.48 (1.16–5.29) | 2.15 (1.00–4.63) | 2.31 (1.07–4.97) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 7 | 240 | 2.96 (1.38–6.32) | 2.59 (1.20–5.60) | 2.85 (1.32–6.15) |
| ▪ ≥25 000 | 0 | 46 | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Oral cavity cancer | |||||
| Nonuse | 3497 | 69 968 | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Ever use | 19 | 360 | 1.06 (0.67–1.68) | 0.89 (0.56–1.44) | 0.96 (0.60–1.55) |
| Cumulative amount (mg) | |||||
| ▪ 1–24 999 | 17 | 298 | 1.14 (0.70–1.87) | 0.95 (0.57–1.56) | 1.00 (0.60–1.67) |
| ▪ ≥25 000 | 2 | 62 | 0.65 (0.16–2.65) | 0.62 (0.15–2.56) | 0.73 (0.18–3.01) |
a
Matched on sex and age only.
b
Additionally adjusted for; any use of selected drugs with suggested photosensitizing properties (retinoids, tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones, amiodarone); any use of drugs with suggested antineoplastic effects (aspirin, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and statins); history of alcohol abuse, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the Charlson comorbidity index.
c
Adjusted for confounders in B plus smoking status and BMI.