Table 4.
Statistical tests, statistics, and significance levels for comparisons of video games and cognitive tests performance for the Active vs. Sham groups.
| Main effects | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test | Variable | Assessment time points | Scores | Statistical test | Group | Time | Interaction |
| Video game performance | 10-session training | 1 | Direct | Mann–Whitney | U = 86.5, p = 0.827 | - | - |
| Pre vs. post skills | 2 | Direct | GLM | F(1,25) = 0.121, p = 0.731 | F(1,25) = 101.95, p < 0.001 | F(1,25) = 0.757, p = 0.393 | |
| RT | Simple | 3 | Direct | GLM | F(1,25) = 0.04; p = 0.839 | F(2,50) = 6.33; p = 0.004 | F(2,50) = 4.45; p = 0.017 |
| Direction choice | 3 | Transformed (Post1-Pre, Post2-Pre) | ANOVA | - | - | F(1,25) = 0.953, p = 0.338 F(1,25) = 2.663, p = 0.115 | |
| Color choice | 3 | Transformed (Post1-Pre, Post2-Pre) | ANOVA | - | - | F(1,25) = 1.459, p = 0.238 F(1,25) = 0.927, p = 0.345 | |
| Digits | Forward | 3 | Direct (Pre vs. Post1) Transformed (Post2-Pre) | GLM ANOVA | F(1,25) = 0.015, p = 0.903 | F(1,25) = 6.156, p = 0.020 - | F(1,25) = 0.008, p = 0.927 F(1,25) = 0.037, p = 0.849 |
| Backward | 3 | Transformed (Post1-Pre, Post2-Pre) | ANOVA | - | - | F(1,25) = 0.028, p = 0.867 F(1,25) = 0.048, p = 0.828 | |
| 3-back | Score | 3 | Transformed (Post1-Pre, Post2-Pre) | ANOVA | - | - | F(1,25) = 0.851, p = 0.365 F(1,25) = 0.1.085, p = 0.308 |
| RT | 3 | Direct (Greenhouse-Geisser correction) | GLM | F(1,25) = 0.123, p = 0.729 | F(1.5,37.6) = 4.852 p = 0.021 | F(1.50,37.61) = 4.852 p = 0.583 | |
| d’ | 3 | Direct | GLM | F(1,25) = 5.526, p = 0.027 | F(2,50) = 2.466, p = 0.095 | F(2,50) = 0.016, p = 0.984 | |
| Mental rotation | Score | 3 | Transformed (Post1-Pre, Post2-Pre) | ANOVA | - | - | F(1,25) = 0.830, p = 0.371 F(1,25) = 0.011, p = 0.917 |
| RT | 3 | Transformed (Post1-Pre, Post2-Pre) | Mann–Whitney | - | - | U = 54.00, p = 0.073 U = 69.00, p = 0.286 | |
| Stop-switching | Go score | 3 | Transformed (Post1-Pre, Post2-Pre) | Mann–Whitney (Post1-Pre) ANOVA (Post2-Pre) | - - | - - | U = 87.500, p = 0.864 F(1,25) = 0.014, p = 0.907 |
| Go RT | 3 | Direct | GLM | F(1,25) = 0.175, p = 0.679 | F(2,50) = 3.346, p = 0.043 | F(2,50) = 0.603, p = 0.551 | |
| Stop score | 3 | Transformed (Post1-Pre, Post2-Pre) | ANOVA | - | - | F(1,25) = 1.134, p = 0.297 F(1,25) = 1.326, p = 0.260 | |
| Stop signal RT (SSRT) | 3 | Direct (Pre vs. Post1) Transformed (Post2-Pre) | GLM Mann–Whitney | F(1,25) = 0.089, p = 0.767 - | F(1,25) = 4.298, p = 0.049 - | F(1,25) = 0.012, p = 0.913 U = 75.00, p = 0.438 | |
| Switch score | 3 | Direct | GLM | F(1,25) = 0.015, p = 0.902 | F(2,50) = 5.880, p = 0.005 | F(2,50) = 0.023, p = 0.977 | |
| Switch RT | 3 | Direct | GLM | F(1,25) = 1.015, p = 0.321 | F(2,50) = 3.819, p = 0.029 | F(2,50) = 0.213, p = 0.809 | |
| Raven | Score | 2 | Transformed (Post1-Pre) | Mann–Whitney | - | - | U = 81.500, p = 0.638 |
| RT | 2 | Direct | GLM | F(1,25) = 7.412, p = 0.012 | F(1,25) = 2.096, p = 0.160 | F(1,25) = 0.592, p = 0.449 | |
| Matchstick | Accuracy | 1 | Direct | t-test | t(25) = 0.30, p = 0.763 | - | - |
| RT (correct answers) | 1 | Direct | t-test | t(25) = 0.18, p = 0.861 | - | - | |
| Five-point | 1 | Direct | t-test | t(25) = 0.94, p = 0.358 | - | - | |
Note: Statistically significant results are marked in bold. GLM, General linear model; RT, Reaction time.