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Experimental design of long-term exposure to ZnO NPs. Twenty-four hours after seeding, HUVEC were exposed to ZnO NPs for further 24 hrs. Then, MTT assay, comet assay and VEGF dot blot were performed (A). For the tube formation assay, HUVEC were seeded on Matrigel together with ZnO NPs and analyzed after 5 hrs (B). Analysis for the proliferation assay was performed at seeding, before treatment, after long-term treatment, 24 hrs after treatment and 48 hrs after treatment (C).
