Table 3. Association between anxiety and depression and functional difficulties in hearing*.
| People with hearing functional difficulties (a lot or cannot do) | People without hearing functional difficulties (no difficulty/some difficulty) | OR (95% CI) adjusted for age and sex | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nepal | N = 48 | N = 3,934 | N = 3,982 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 10.4% | 1.1% | 9.6 (3.5, 26.6) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 10.4% | 4.3% | 2.4 (0.9, 6.2) | 0.08 |
| • Mild/None | 79.2% | 94.6% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 8.5% | 0.8% | 11.7 (3.8, 36.5) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 21.3% | 4.7% | 4.9 (2.3, 10.2) | <0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 70.2% | 94.5% | Baseline | |
| Guatemala | n = 120 | n = 7,481 | n = 7,600 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 25.0% | 5.8% | 4.9 (3.1, 7.8) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 22.5% | 21.2% | 1.5 (0.9, 2.3) | 0.11 |
| • Mild/None | 52.5% | 73.0% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 20.0% | 2.8% | 6.3 (3.8, 10.4), | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 14.2% | 13.0% | 1.3 (0.7, 2.2) | 0.38 |
| • Mild/None | 65.8% | 84.1% | Baseline | |
| India | n = 85 | n = 2,247 | n = 2,332 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 15.3% | 7.5% | 1.7 (0.9, 3.2) | 0.12 |
| • Moderate | 21.2% | 19.5% | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.90 |
| • Mild/None | 63.5% | 73.0% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 13.4% | 5.8% | 1.9 (0.9, 3.8) | 0.07 |
| • Moderate | 18.3% | 16.1% | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 0.97 |
| • Mild/None | 68.3% | 78.1% | Baseline | |
| Cameroon | n = 32 | n = 1,567 | n = 1,599 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 9.4% | 5.8% | 1.4 (0.4, 5.0) | 0.56 |
| • Moderate | 25.0% | 25.7% | 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) | 0.84 |
| • Mild/None | 65.6% | 68.5% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 6.5% | 4.8% | 0.9 (0.2, 4.2) | 0.94 |
| • Moderate | 16.1% | 19.4% | 0.8 (0.3–2.2) | 0.71 |
| • Mild/None | 77.4% | 75.8% | Baseline | |
| Maldives | n = 36 | n = 3,664 | n = 3,700 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 22.2% | 8.1% | 2.8 (1.2–6.5) | 0.02 |
| • Moderate | 2.8% | 5.7% | 0.5 (0.1–4.2) | 0.56 |
| • Mild/None | 75.0% | 86.3% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 13.9% | 6.5% | 2.1 (0.8–5.7) | 0.15 |
| • Moderate | 5.6% | 4.4% | 1.7 (0.4–7.5) | 0.50 |
| • Mild/None | 80.6% | 89.1% | Baseline |
* There were some missing data for depression variables: 3–5 people within Nepal, Guatemala, and India across cases and controls, and 1 case and 49 controls in Cameroon.