Table 4. Association between anxiety and depression and functional difficulties in vision*.
| People with visual functional difficulties (a lot or cannot do) | People without visual functional difficulties (no difficulty/ some difficulty) | OR (95% CI) adjusted for age and sex | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nepal | n = 24 | n = 3,958 | n = 3,982 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 8.3% | 1.1% | 7.8 (1.7, 35.5) | 0.01 |
| • Moderate | 20.8% | 4.3% | 5.4 (1.9, 15.1) | 0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 70.1% | 94.6% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 8.7% | 0.8% | 13.8 (2.9, 65.6) | 0.001 |
| • Moderate | 34.8% | 4.7% | 10.1 (4.0, 25.2) | <0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 56.5% | 94.4% | Baseline | |
| Guatemala | n = 240 | n = 7,361 | n = 7,600 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 30.4% | 5.3% | 8.8 (6.3, 12.2) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 27.1% | 21.0% | 2.2 (1.6, 3.0) | <0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 42.5% | 73.7% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 20.4% | 2.5% | 9.3 (6.4, 13.6) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 22.5% | 12.7% | 2.4 (1.7, 3.4) | <0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 57.1% | 84.7% | Baseline | |
| India | n = 84 | n = 2,246 | n = 2,330 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 16.7% | 7.4% | 2.0 (1.1, 3.9) | 0.03 |
| • Moderate | 27.4% | 19.3% | 1.3 (0.8, 2.3) | 0.28 |
| • Mild/None | 56.0% | 73.3% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 17.9% | 5.6% | 3.2 (1.7, 6.1) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 25.0% | 15.8% | 1.7 (1.0, 3.0) | 0.05 |
| • Mild/None | 57.1% | 78.6% | Baseline | |
| Cameroon | n = 48 | n = 1,544 | n = 1,592 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 14.6% | 5.6% | 2.6 (1.1, 6.4) | 0.04 |
| • Moderate | 25.0% | 25.5% | 1.2 (0.6, 2.4) | 0.62 |
| • Mild/None | 60.4% | 68.9% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 20.0% | 5.9% | 3.4 (1.5, 7.5) | 0.004 |
| • Moderate | 17.8% | 17.7% | 1.2 (0.5, 2.8) | 0.599 |
| • Mild/None | 62.2% | 76.4% | Baseline | |
| Maldives | n = 86 | n = 3,614 | n = 3,700 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 30.2% | 7.7% | 5.7 (3.4–9.5) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 10.5% | 5.5% | 3.0 (1.4–6.3) | 0.004 |
| • Mild/None | 59.3% | 86.8% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 30.2% | 6.0% | 7.8 (4.6–13.1) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 9.3% | 4.3% | 4.1 (1.9–9.1) | <0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 60.5% | 89.7% | Baseline |
* There were some missing data for depression variables: 3–4 people within Nepal, Guatemala, and India across cases and controls, and 3 cases and 53 controls in Cameroon.