Table 5. Association between anxiety and depression and functional difficulties in mobility.
| People with mobility functional difficulties (a lot or cannot do) | People without mobility functional difficulties (no difficulty/ some difficulty) | OR (95% CI) adjusted for age and sex | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nepal | n = 79 | n = 3,903 | n = 3,982 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 10.1% | 1.0% | 12.6 (5.4, 29.5) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 21.5% | 4.1% | 7.2 (4.0, 13.1) | <0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 68.4% | 95.0% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 7.6% | 0.7% | 14.2 (5.4, 37.1) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 29.1% | 4.4% | 9.6 (5.5, 16.4) | <0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 63.3% | 94.8% | Baseline | |
| Guatemala | n = 214 | n = 7,387 | n = 7,600 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 34.1% | 5.3% | 10.4 (7.3, 14.7) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 24.3% | 21.1% | 2.0 (1.4, 2.9) | <0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 41.6% | 73.6% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 25.7% | 2.5% | 13.9 (9.4, 20.6) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 22.4% | 12.8% | 2.7 (1.9, 3.8) | <0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 51.9% | 84.8% | Baseline | |
| India | n = 111 | n = 2,221 | n = 2,332 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 22.5% | 7.0% | 4.0 (2.3, 6.9) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 28.8% | 19.1% | 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) | 0.02 |
| • Mild/None | 48.7% | 73.8% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 22.5% | 5.2% | 5.4 (3.1, 9.4) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 23.4% | 15.8% | 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) | 0.04 |
| • Mild/None | 54.1% | 79.0% | Baseline | |
| Cameroon | n = 87 | n = 1,505 | n = 1,592 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 17.2% | 5.2% | 4.4 (2.3, 8.7) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 32.2% | 25.2% | 1.9 (1.2, 3.2) | 0.01 |
| • Mild/None | 50.6% | 69.6% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 19.0% | 5.5% | 4.5 (2.3, 8.8) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 27.9% | 17.4% | 2.5 (1.4, 4.3) | 0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 53.2% | 77.2% | Baseline | |
| Maldives | n = 166 | n = 3,534 | n = 3,700 | |
| Anxiety | ||||
| • Severe | 25.9% | 7.4% | 5.2 (3.4–7.9) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 7.2% | 5.6% | 2.0 (1.0–3.8) | 0.05 |
| • Mild/None | 66.9% | 87.1% | Baseline | |
| Depression | ||||
| • Severe | 25.3% | 5.7% | 7.7 (4.9–12.1) | <0.001 |
| • Moderate | 6.6% | 4.3% | 3.2 (1.6–6.6) | 0.001 |
| • Mild/None | 68.1% | 90.0% | Baseline |
* There were some missing data for depression variables: 3–6 people within Nepal, Guatemala, and India across cases and controls, and 8 cases and 41 controls in Cameroon.