LTA treatment caused nitrosative stress and activated the production of TNFα. Images to demonstrate qualitative analysis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, green) and TNFα immunoreactivity (purple) in nNOS neurons (red) in control, LPS and LTA treated samples, after 12 hours. Similar to LPS treatment, LTA treatment increased the number of neurons expressing TNFα, and increased the number of neurons expressing iNOS compared to control samples.