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. 2020 Jun 26;10:10427. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63006-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of freezing stress on photosynthetic features of (a) maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), (b) performance indices (PI_ABS), (c) total chlorophylls (Chls), (d) net photosynthesis (P_N), (e) intercellular CO₂ (C_i), and (f) water use efficiency (WUE). The measurements were conducted in Fritillaria plants at days 7, 14 and 21 days after snowing (7, 14 and 21 DAS). Data are the means and standard errors of four replicates (n = 4). Data with different letters reveal statistically significant differences among the treatments according to a Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05).