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. 2020 Jun 26;10:10427. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63006-7

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The pattern of changes in the metabolites of Fritillaria in response to freezing stress. The values are expressed as the changes happened in the parameters as compared to their values in the control plants at 7 days after snowing and then plotted as a heat map with the color scale of red (lowest value) to green (highest value). Data are from control (Con.) and freezing-stressed (Freez.) plants at days 7, 14 and 21 days after snowing (7, 14 and 21 DAS). Anth, anthocyanins; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; CAT, catalase; Chls, total chlorophylls, C_i, intercellular CO₂; CNGC, cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel; CPK, Ca²⁺ dependent protein kinases; FRAP, total antioxidant power; F_v/F_m, maximum quantum yield of photosystem II; LEA gene, late embryogenesis abundant; MDA, malondealdehyde; NHX1 gene, a vacuolar Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter; PI_ABS, performance indices; P_N, net photosynthesis; P5CS gene, PPO, polyphenol oxidase; RWC, relative water content; SOD, super oxide dismutase; TRS, total reducing sugars; WSS, water soluble sugars; WUE, water use efficiency; Ψw, water potential.