Table 2.

Chi-square of goodness of fit tests of the observed frequency of coinfections between pairs of parasite species as compared with random expectations.

	L. passim		C. bombi		C. mellificae		C. acanthocephali		N. ceranae		A. bombi
C. bombi	36.7	***
C. mellificae	26.7	***	22.8	***
C. acanthocephali	7.1	**	4.4	*	8.1	**
N. ceranae	1.2	ns	0.0	ns	0.0	ns	0.3	ns
A. bombi	0.0	ns	0.2	ns	1.2	ns	1.3	ns	0.7	ns
Neogregarinorida sp.	0.3	ns	0.8	ns	0.3	ns	0.9	ns	1.3	ns	31.5	***

Note: the presence of a parasite in a colony at a given sampling date was determined by its detection either in interior, exterior bees, or both; *P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001; ns = non-significant.