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. 2020 Jun 26;10:10436. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66365-3

Table 2.

Cardiovascular risk factors by age at follow-up in women according to weight for gestational age in first offspringa.

Cardiovascular risk factors SGAb (n = 3,085) AGAc (n = 17,995) LGAd (n = 1,380)
Difference between SGA and AGA estimates (95% CI) p-value Predicted mean (95% CI) Difference between LGA and AGA estimates (95% CI) p-value
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
20 years 0.9 (−0.6, 2.4) 0.24 119.5 (118.7, 120.2) 0.7 (−1.2, 2.5) 0.49
30 years 1.0 (0.2, 1.9) 0.02 117.3 (116.9, 117.7) −0.1 (−1.3, 1.1) 0.87
40 years 1.4 (0.6, 2.1) 0.001 121.4 (121.1, 121.7) 0.2 (−1.0, 1.4) 0.78
50 years 2.1 (1.1, 3.1) <0.001 129.6 (129.2, 130.1) 1.1 (−0.5, 2.7) 0.18
60 years 2.1 (0.6, 3.7) 0.006 138.0 (137.2, 138.7) −0.3 (−2.8, 2.2) 0.82
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
20 years 0.8 (−0.3, 2.0) 0.15 68.3 (67.7, 68.8) 0.2 (−1.2, 1.6) 0.76
30 years −0.03 (−0.6, 0.6) 0.93 70.4 (70.1, 70.6) 0.6 (−0.3, 1.4) 0.21
40 years 1.0 (0.4, 1.5) 0.001 74.5 (74.3, 74.7) 0.1 (−0.7, 0.9) 0.76
50 years 0.9 (0.3, 1.6) <0.01 78.7 (78.5, 79.0) 0.8 (−0.2, 1.9) 0.12
60 years −0.01 (−1.0, 1.0) 0.98 80.2 (79.7, 80.6) −0.2 (−1.8, 1.4) 0.80
BMI (kg/m2)
20 years −0.3 (−0.5, −0.2) <0.001 22.8 (22.7, 22.9) 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) <0.001
30 years −0.4 (−0.6, −0.2) <0.001 24.0 (23.9, 24.1) 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) <0.001
40 years −0.6 (−0.8, −0.4) <0.001 25.0 (24.9, 25.1) 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) <0.001
50 years −0.6 (−0.8, −0.4) <0.001 26.1 (26.0, 26.2) 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) <0.001
60 years −0.7 (−1.1, −0.4) <0.001 26.8 (26.6, 27.0) 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) <0.001
Waist circumference (cm)
20 years −1.0 (−2.6, 0.5) 0.18 77.0 (76.3, 77.7) 3.4 (1.7, 5.1) <0.001
30 years −0.5 (−1.4, 0.3) 0.21 81.8 (81.4, 82.1) 3.5 (2.3, 4.7) <0.001
40 years −1.5 (−2.1, −0.8) <0.001 83.6 (83.4, 83.9) 3.0 (2.1, 3.9) <0.001
50 years −1.4 (−2.1, −0.7) <0.001 85.8 (85.5, 86.1) 2.3 (1.3, 3.4) <0.001
60 years −1.3 (−2.2, −0.4) <0.001 87.1 (86.7, 87.6) 3.3 (1.9, 4.8) <0.001
Hip circumference (cm)
20 years −1.5 (−2.8, −0.1) 0.04 97.9 (97.3, 98.6) 2.7 (1.2, 4.3) 0.001
30 years −0.8 (−1.6, −0.1) 0.03 100.9 (100.6, 101.2) 2.9 (1.9, 4.0) <0.001
40 years −1.5 (−2.0, −1.0) <0.001 102.1 (101.9, 102.3) 2.3 (1.5, 3.0) <0.001
50 years −1.1 (−1.6, −0.5) <0.001 103.2 (103.0, 103.4) 1.8 (1.0, 2.6) <0.001
60 years −1.2 (−1.9, −0.5) 0.001 103.2 (102.9, 103.6) 1.3 (0.2, 2.4) 0.03
Waist to hip ratio
20 years 0.0 (−0.01, 0.01) 0.54 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) 0.01 (0.00–0.03) 0.01
30 years 0.0 (−0.01, 0.01) 0.98 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) 0.01 (0.00–0.02) 0.003
40 years 0.0 (−0.01, 0.00) 0.06 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) 0.01 (0.00–0.02) <0.001
50 years −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00) 0.02 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) 0.01 (0.00–0.01) 0.03
60 years 0.0 (−0.01, 0.01) 0.87 0.8 (0.8, 0.8) 0.02 (0.01–0.03) <0.001
Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)
20 years 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) 0.51 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) 0.41
30 years 0.1 (−0.04, 0.1) 0.32 3.4 (3.4, 3.4) 0.1 (0.01, 0.3) 0.03
40 years −0.01 (−0.1, 0.1) 0.78 3.7 (3.7, 3.8) 0.1 (0.01, 0.2) 0.03
50 years −0.1 (−0.1, 0.02) 0.18 4.3 (4.3, 4.3) 0.1 (0.04, 0.2) 0.01
60 years −0.04 (−0.1, 0.1) 0.34 4.8 (4.7, 4.8) 0.1 (−0.1, 0.3) 0.18
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)
20 years 0.01 (−0.1, 0.1) 0.85 1.4 (1.4, 1.5) −0.1 (−0.1, 0.0) 0.04
30 years 0.00 (−0.03, 0.03) 0.91 1.4 (1.4, 1.4) −0.03 (−0.1, 0.01) 0.17
40 years 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) 0.15 1.4 (1.4, 1.4) −0.02 (−0.1, 0.01) 0.14
50 years 0.01 (−0.02, 0.03) 0.65 1.5 (1.5, 1.5) −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) 0.55
60 years 0.02 (−0.01, 0.04) 0.28 1.5 (1.5, 1.6) −0.04 (−0.1, 0.00) 0.06
Triglycerides (mmol/l)
20 years 0.02 (−0.1, 0.1) 0.69 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) 0.02 (−0.1, 0.1) 0.74
30 years 0.01 (−0.1, 0.1) 0.82 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) 0.1 (−0.01, 0.2) 0.09
40 years 0.01 (−0.04, 0.1) 0.62 1.2 (1.2, 1.3) 0.1 (0.01, 0.2) 0.02
50 years 0.02 (−0.04, 0.1) 0.49 1.5 (1.4, 1.5) 0.1 (−0.03, 0.2) 0.21
60 years −0.03 (−0.1, 0.1) 0.56 1.7 (1.6, 1.7) 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) 0.21
Non-fasting glucose (mmol/l)
20 years −0.03 (−0.2, 0.1) 0.69 4.9 (4.7, 5.0) 0.03 (−0.2, 0.2) 0.75
30 years −0.05 (−0.2, 0.04) 0.28 4.9 (4.8, 4.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) 0.01
40 years 0.00 (−0.1, 0.1) 0.99 5.1 (5.1, 5.2) 0.1 (−0.1, 0.2) 0.33
50 years −0.04 (−0.1, 0.04) 0.30 5.3 (5.2, 5.4) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.001
60 years −0.1 (−0.2, 0.04) 0.18 5.5 (5.4, 5.6) 0.2 (−0.03, 0.4) 0.10
Resting heart rate (beats/min)
20 years −0.5 (−1.9, 1.0) 0.51 75.5 (74.8, 76.3) 0.1 (−1.8, 1.9) 0.93
30 years 0.6 (0.2, 1.4) 0.12 74.0 (73.7, 74.3) −0.7 (−1.7, 0.4) 0.24
40 years −0.1 (−0.7, 0.6) 0.85 73.7 (73.5, 74.0) −0.7 (−1.7, 0.2) 0.14
50 years 0.4 (−0.4, 1.1) 0.37 73.0 (72.7, 73.3) −0.3 (−1.5, 0.9) 0.59
60 years 0.2 (−0.9, 1.4) 0.67 73.0 (72.4, 73.5) −0.2 (−2.0, 1.1) 0.88
CRPe (mg/l)
20 years 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) 0.93 1.7 (1.5, 2.0) 0.8 (0.6, 1.3) 0.53
30 years 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) 0.86 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) 0.002
40 years 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) 0.23 0.8 (0.8, 0.9) 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) 0.85
50 years 1.0 (0.9. 1.2) 0.55 1.0 (0.9, 1.0) 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) 0.53
60 years 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) 0.35 1.3 (1.2, 1.3) 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) 0.03

SGA = small for gestational age; AGA = appropriate for gestational age; LGA = large for gestational age; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; HDL = high density lipoprotein; CPR = C-reactive protein.

aGiven as predicted mean levels for women with AGA offspring and mean differences (SGA-AGA or LGA-AGA) for women with SGA and LAG offspring. All estimates are adjusted for age at measurement, maternal height, smoking status, educational status, HUNT survey and age at first birth.

bSGA was defined as birthweight below the 10th centile for the Norwegian population.

cAGA was defined as birthweight ≥10th and ≤90th centile for the Norwegian population.

dLGA was defined as birthweight above the 90th centile for the Norwegian population.

eCRP is given as geometric mean values where the difference equates to the ratio of geometric mean CRP between women with SGA or LGA offspring and women with AGA offspring.