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. 2020 Jun 26;11:3253. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16883-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Top view of the whole brain of a macaque (Monkey HJ). Green circles indicate penetration sites for AAV injections. CS central sulcus, M1 primary motor cortex. b Electrophysiological mapping of the right M1 (Monkey HJ). Somatotopic arrangement in the anterior bank of the CS is shown along with depths from the cortical surface. Each letter indicates a somatotopic body part: D digit, E elbow, S shoulder, W wrist. The AAV vector was injected in the sites indicated by the green circles. c Expression of hChR2(H134R)/EYFP and of hChR2(H134R)/tdTomato mediated by AAV-DJ vectors in the M1 shown in frontal sections (Monkey NR). These experiments were repeated three times independently (Supplementary Table 1), with similar results obtained. d Photograph of the tip (left) and whole view (right) of the optrode. (1) A glass-coated tungsten electrode for recording, (2) an optical fiber for optical stimulation and (3) a pair of tungsten wires for bipolar electrical stimulation were bundled and inserted into polyimide tubing (left). The base of the optrode was covered with stainless steel tubing (right). The other end of the optical fiber was jacketed with a protective tubing with a length of around 15 cm and had a fiber-optic connector. The rectangular area in the right photograph is enlarged in the left.