Table 2.

Hydrophilic compounds found in NMR analysis of hippocampus extracts

Chemical shift (ppm)	Compound	VPA			THAL
		% of control	ANOVA	VIP value	% of control	ANOVA	VIP value
9.29	Unassigned 1	93	F(1,20) = 0.0504	1.25	133	H(1) = 0.750	1.0
						p = 0.387
			p = 0.825
9.24	Unassigned 2	84	H(1) = 2.623		124	F(1,22) = 4.369
			p = 0.105			p = 0.049*
8.96	(–C(4)H–) N-Methylnicotinamide	104	F(1,20) = 0.0735		122	H(1) = 2.182
						p = 0.140
			p = 0.789
8.70	(=C(2)H–) 8-Hydroxyadenine	94	H(1) = 0.0198	1.32	160	F(1,22) = 4.571	1.44
			p = 0.888			p = 0.044*
8.68	(–C(2)H–) Inosine	105	F(1,20) = 0.0827		110	F(1,22) = 0.195
						p = 0.663
			p = 0.777
8.59	(–C(8)H–) IMP	84	F(1,20) = 0.824	1.08	119	F(1,22) = 0.708
			p = 0.375			p = 0.410
8.45	(–C(8)H–) Hypoxanthine	141	H(1) = 4.170	1.84	243	F(1,22) = 14.808	1.55
			p = 0.041*
						p < 0.001*
8.29	(–C(8)H–) GMP	72	H(1) = 0.838	1.04	155	H(1) = 4.125
			p = 0.360			p = 0.042*
8.24	Unassigned 3	55	H(1) = 3.354	1.39	87	H(1) = 0.136
			p = 0.067			p = 0.712
7.96	(–C(4)H–) Cytosine	102	F(1,20) = 0.0148		118	F(1,22) = 1.067
						p = 0.313
			p = 0.904
7.67	(–C(8)H–) Guanine/(–C(2)H–) xanthine	107	H(1) = 0.317		36	H(1) = 9.470	1.69
			p = 0.573			p = 0.002*
7.43	Unassigned 4	84	H(1) = 1.607		131	H(1) = 4.640
			p = 0.205			p = 0.031*
7.33	(–C(6)H–) Thymine	94	H(1) = 0.124		144	F(1,22) = 10.350
			p = 0.725
						p = 0.004*
7.10	Unassigned 5	83	H(1) = 1.790		108	F(1,22) = 0.397
			p = 0.181			p = 0.536
6.92	Unassigned 6	86	H(1) = 0.972		116	F(1,22) = 0.690
			p = 0.324			p = 0.415
6.85	(–CH=CH–) Fumarate	96	F(1,20) = 0.0547		125	F(1,22) = 1.858
						p = 0.187
			p = 0.818
6.80	(–C(2,6)H–) Tyrosine	87	H(1) = 0.496		112	H(1) = 0.640
						p = 0.424
			p = 0.481
6.22	(–C(1′)H–) AMP	90	F(1,20) = 0.429		130	F(1,22) = 2.551
			p = 0.520			p = 0.125
5.98	Unassigned 7	103	F(1,20) = 0.0721		113	F(1,22) = 0.933
						p = 0.345
			p = 0.791
5.39	(–C(4)H–) Allantoin	60	H(1) = 0.526		340	H(1) = 7.542	1.56
			p = 0.468			p = 0.006*
4.19	(–C(1)H2–) Phosphorylcholine	90	H(1) = 0.0198		142	H(1) = 3.186	1.10
			p = 0.888			p = 0.074
4.04	(–C(2)H2–) Glycolic acid	67	H(1) = 0.124	1.21	117	F(1,22) = 0.249
			p = 0.725			p = 0.623
3.86	Unassigned 8	92	H(1) = 0.972		110	F(1,22) = 0.527
			p = 0.324			p = 0.477
3.79	(–C(1)H2–) Guanidinoacetate	102	H(1) = 0.317		144	H(1) = 1.515
			p = 0.573			p = 0.218
3.71	Unassigned 9	136	F(1,20) = 1.775	1.72	754	H(1) = 3.409	1.20
			p = 0.198			p = 0.065
3.66	Unassigned 10	80	F(1,20) = 2.513	1.21	94	F(1,22) = 0.224
			p = 0.129			p = 0.641
3.55	(–C(2)H2–) Glycine	91	H(1) = 1.790	1.36	133	F(1,21) = 3.384
			p = 0.181			p = 0.081
3.52	(–C(6,4)H–) Myo-inositol	110	F(1,20) = 0.467		148	F(1,22) = 11.197	1.07
			p = 0.503
						p = 0.003*
3.42	(–C(3)H2–) Taurine	85	H(1) = 0.972		141	H(1) = 6.367	1.06
			p = 0.324			p = 0.012*
3.35	((–CH–)6) Scyllo-inositol	87	H(1) = 1.433		65	F(1,22) = 2.020	1.06
			p = 0.231			p = 0.170
3.25	(–C(3)H2–) Taurine/(–C(2)H2–) Phosphoethanolamine	90	H(1) = 179		163	H(1) = 8.015	1.28
			p = 0.673			p = 0.005*
3.23	(–N–(CH3)3) Phosphorylcholine/glycerophosphorylcholine	90	F(1,20) = 0.562		177	F(1,22) = 21.144	1.33
			p = 0.463
						p < 0.001*
3.20	(–N–(CH3)3) Choline	72	H(1) = 3.352		196	F(1,22) = 13.111	1.17
			p = 0.067
						p = 0.002*
3.14	(–N–(CH3)3) Creatinine	117	F(1,20) = 0.596	1.21	212	F(1,22) = 16.402	1.51
			p = 0.450
						p < 0.001*
3.09	(–C(2)H–) L-cysteic acid	94	F(1,20) = 0.205		167	F(1,22) = 14.240	1.17
			p = 0.656
						p = 0.001*
3.07	(–C(6)H3–) Creatine	87	F(1,20) = 0.774		141	F(1,22) = 5.349	1.03
			p = 0.390			p = 0.031*
2.97	(–C(3)H2–) Aspartate	95	H(1) = 0.0		145	F(1,22) = 9.080	1.09
			p = 1.000			p = 0.007*
2.88	(N–(CH3)2) Dimethylamine	93	H(1) = 0.0198		124	F(1,22) = 2.563
			p = 0.888			p = 0.124
2.68	(–C(2)–CH3) Pyruvate/(–C(2,3)H2–) succinate	93	F(1,20) = 0.329		115	F(1,22) = 1.244
			p = 0.573			p = 0.277
2.63	(–C(4)H2–) L-Glutamate	113	F(1,20) = 0.609		154	F(1,22) = 8.600
			p = 0.445			p = 0.008*
2.49	(–C(4)H2–) L-Glutamine	88	F(1,20) = 1.129		138	F(1,22) = 10.721
			p = 0.301
						p = 0.004*
2.38	(–C(10)H2–) Glutathione	74	H(1) = 7.934	1.34	91	F(1,22) = 1.624
						p = 0.217
			p = 0.005*
2.22	(–C(15)H3) NAAG	81	H(1) = 0.496		21	H(1) = 2.562	1.69
			p = 0.481			p = 0.109
2.10	(–C(2)H3) Acetate	92	F(1,20) = 0.313		168	F(1,22) = 15.804	1.27
			p = 0.582
						p < 0.001*
2.04	(–C(7)H3) NAA	101	F(1,20) = 0.0741		157	F(1,22) = 12.394	1.18
			p = 0.932			p < 0.002*
1.96	(–C(3)H2–) GABA	94	H(1) = 0.124		155	F(1,22) = 13.302	1.12
			p = 0.725
						p = 0.002*
1.78	(–C(5)H2–) Lysine	91	H(1) = 0.0446		108	H(1) = 0.545
			p = 0.833			p = 0.460
1.55	(–C(3)H3) L-Alanine	97	F(1,20) = 0.044		132	F(1,22) = 5.281
			p = 0.836			p = 0.032*
1.42	(–C(3)H3) Lactate	76	F(1,20) = 2.150	1.07	149	H(1) = 5.186	1.02
			p = 0.159			p = 0.023*
1.35	(–C(3)H3) L-Threonine	88	F(1,20) = 0.818		145	F(1,22) = 7.909
			p = 0.377			p = 0.010*
1.20	(C(3)–(CH3)2) 3-hydroxyisovalerate/(–C(2)–CH3) methylmalonate	99	H(1) = 0		0	H(1) = 6.540	1.11
			p = 1.000			p = 0.011*
1.18	(–C(2)H2–) 3-Hydroxybutyrate	41	H(1) = 4.765	2.50	334	H(1) = 2.004
			p = 0.029*			p = 0.157
1.14	(–C(3)–(CH3)2) 2- oxoisovalerate	50	H(1) = 3.615	2.05	308	H(1) = 2.761
			p = 0.057			p = 0.097
1.08	(–C(4)H3) L-Valine	98	H(1) = 0.00496		144	H(1) = 6.367	1.05
			p = 0.944			p = 0.012*
0.96	(–C(5.6)H3) L-Leucine/(–C(3)–CH3) isoleucine	102	H(1) = 0.124		148	F(1,22) = 7.383	1.12
			p = 0.725			p = 0.013*

Only VIP values > 1 obtained in MVA analysis are presented

^*Statistically significant