Fig. 2.

Schematic diagram of neuronal differentiation. During neurogenesis, neural stem cells (NSC) need to proliferate to neural progenitor cells (NPC) and differentiate into mature neurons. This progression is accompanied by several shifts, including the activation and proliferation of mitochondria, a transition from a glycolytic to aerobic metabolism, relying on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for ATP synthesis. Additionally, fatty acid metabolism shifts from energy metabolism to de novo lipogenesis. The increased metabolic activity of the cells is accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is countered by the activation of oxidative stress response genes to reduce overall ROS levels