. 2020 Jun 27;24:100424. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100424

Table 3.

Differences in mental health among/between various sociodemographic and other characteristic subgroups for frontline nurses (n = 2014).

Sociodemographic variables	Burnout: EE^a		Burnout: DP^b		Burnout: PA^c		Anxiety		Depression		Fear
	Mean±SD	r/t	Mean±SD	r/t	Mean±SD	r/t	Mean±SD	r/t	Mean±SD	r/t	Mean±SD	r/t
Gender^†
Male	21.48±14.25	−2.449 ^*	8.97± 8.40	4.624^⁎⁎⁎	34.43±10.56	−0.682	46.56±11.55	−1.910	48.91±12.28	−2.253^*	27.08± 8.99	−6.548^⁎⁎⁎
Female	23.73±13.71		6.44± 6.77		34.89± 9.86		47.98±11.14		50.73±11.14		30.90± 7.25
Age (years)^‡		0.003		−0.086^⁎⁎⁎		0.067^⁎⁎		−0.012		0.020		−0.045^*
Marital status^†
Married	23.64±13.93	0.817	6.49± 6.85	−2.153^*	35.23±10.18	2.264^*	47.80±11.16	0.012	50.60±11.30	0.505	30.61± 7.59	1.473
Other marital status	23.12±13.60		7.20± 7.34		34.20± 9.56		47.79±11.26		50.34±11.33		30.09± 7.61
had one or more children^†
Yes	23.67±14.14	0.824	6.60± 6.98	−1.176	35.25±10.26	2.117^*	48.14±11.20	1.490	50.99±11.30	2.147^*	30.51± 7.70	0.663
No	23.36±13.38		6.97± 7.14		34.32± 9.54		47.39±11.19		49.90±11.30		30.28± 7.48
Monthly household income^† (USD /month)
≤1440	23.04±13.85	−1.446	6.95± 7.43	1.329	34.72±10.18	−0.510	48.34±11.42	2.393^*	51.29±11.34	3.485^⁎⁎	29.95± 7.64	−3.012^⁎⁎
>1440	23.93±13.74		6.54± 6.57		34.95± 9.67		47.14±10.89		49.53±11.20		30.97± 7.52
Education^†
Diploma or lower	20.06±13.92	−5.859^⁎⁎⁎	6.66± 7.38	−0.355	34.19±11.30	−1.384	47.43±10.98	−0.790	50.45±11.92	−0.103	28.86± 8.24	−4.559^⁎⁎⁎
Bachelor's degree or higher	24.38±13.62		6.80± 6.96		35.01± 9.54		47.90±11.26		50.51±11.14		30.84± 7.36
Professional title^†
Junior	23.82±13.94	2.116^*	7.07± 7.22	3.395^⁎⁎	34.48± 9.96	−2.660^⁎⁎	48.11±11.16	2.151^*	50.79±11.29	1.960^*	30.70± 7.56	2.915^⁎⁎
Intermediate and senior	22.34±13.36		5.91± 6.49		35.83± 9.86		46.89±11.27		49.66±11.34		29.57± 7.66
Clinical experience (months)^‡		0.008		−0.113^⁎⁎		0.092^⁎⁎		−0.023		0.005		−0.020
Working duration as a frontline nurse during the COVID-19 outbreak (days)^‡		0.061^⁎⁎		0.024		0.052^*		0.067^⁎⁎		0.066^⁎⁎		−0.001
Average working hours/shift^‡		0.012		0.066^⁎⁎		−0.022		0.044^*		0.038		−0.103^⁎⁎
Wuhan as original working place^†
Yes	23.88±13.58	11.364^⁎⁎⁎	7.42± 7.19	5.988^⁎⁎⁎	34.44± 9.75	−2.429^*	49.22±11.32	8.040^⁎⁎⁎	51.87±11.12	7.657^⁎⁎⁎	31.76± 7.19	11.148^⁎⁎⁎
No	18.74±13.00		5.51± 6.62		35.57±10.30		45.06±10.44		47.86±11.20		27.82± 7.70
Reasons for being dispatched to Wuhan^† (n = 690)
Assigned by the hospital, willingly or unwillingly	21.45±13.43	3.697^⁎⁎⁎	6.03± 6.90	1.399	34.16±10.57	−2.427^*	46.34±10.05	2.164^*	50.01±10.70	3.408^⁎⁎	29.14± 7.06	3.193^⁎⁎
Voluntary	17.53±12.63		5.27± 6.49		36.21±10.12		44.49±10.57		46.89±11.30		27.22± 7.91
Position in original hospital^†
Bedside nurse	23.54±13.76	0.964	6.80± 6.95	0.551	34.57± 9.94	−3.575^⁎⁎⁎	47.94±11.08	1.689	50.58±11.17	0.913	30.79± 7.44	6.559^⁎⁎⁎
Head nurse or nurse director (including vice-director)	22.54±14.21		6.47± 7.93		37.23± 9.77		46.52±12.16		49.73±12.55		26.81± 8.16
Position in the hospital at Wuhan^†
Bedside nurse	23.37±13.78	−0.821	6.65± 6.91	−2.341^*	34.80± 9.92	−0.470	47.71±11.06	−1.223	50.38±11.22	−1.878	30.61± 7.50	4.327^⁎⁎⁎
Head nurse or nurse director (including vice-director)	24.44±14.16		8.58± 8.82		35.24±10.46		49.22±13.22		52.38±12.57		27.18± 8.47
Working wards changed^†
Yes	22.65±13.63	−1.965^*	7.33± 7.49	2.671^⁎⁎	33.78±10.87	−3.487^⁎⁎	48.56±11.44	2.341^*	51.41±11.32	2.797^⁎⁎	29.75± 7.77	−2.972^⁎⁎
No	23.90±13.88		6.44± 6.77		35.44± 9.32		47.35±11.21		49.96±11.27		30.79± 7.47
Prior training about caring for similar patients with virus infections^†
Yes	22.93±13.55	−3.382^⁎⁎	6.71± 7.05	−0.822	35.26± 9.80	3.995^⁎⁎⁎	47.34±10.91	−3.658^⁎⁎⁎	50.01±11.28	−4.144^⁎⁎⁎	30.12± 7.62	−3.596^⁎⁎⁎
No	25.78±14.68		7.04± 7.09		32.86±10.41		49.89±12.22		52.73±11.20		31.71± 7.39
Prior experience of caring for similar patients with virus infections^†
Yes	22.21±13.74	−3.196^⁎⁎	7.04± 7.57	1.340	35.33±10.46	1.779	47.54±10.82	−0.839	50.30±11.35	−0.633	29.14± 8.18	−5.833^⁎⁎⁎
No	24.22±13.79		6.59± 6.71		34.51± 9.60		47.97±11.43		50.62±11.29		31.21± 7.10
Confidence in caring for COVID-19 patients^†
Unconfident	28.12±13.43	12.782^⁎⁎⁎	7.94± 7.13	6.020^⁎⁎⁎	32.74± 9.52	−7.710^⁎⁎⁎	51.03±11.55	10.527^⁎⁎⁎	53.96±10.64	11.585^⁎⁎⁎	32.42± 6.84	10.125^⁎⁎⁎
Confident	20.38±13.18		6.00± 6.90		36.19±10.00		45.69±10.44		48.23±11.17		29.09± 7.79
Confidence in self-protection^†
Unconfident	28.36±13.21	14.557^⁎⁎⁎	8.06± 7.17	7.144^⁎⁎⁎	32.87± 9.46	−7.740^⁎⁎⁎	51.85±11.21	14.602^⁎⁎⁎	54.60±10.25	15.038^⁎⁎⁎	32.77± 6.44	12.93^⁎⁎⁎
Confident	19.75±13.05		5.80± 6.81		36.29±10.06		44.76±10.18		47.42±1.09		28.63± 7.92
Evaluation of working safety while caring for COVID-19 patients^†
Unsafe	28.48±13.18	14.651^⁎⁎⁎	8.07± 7.24	7.019^⁎⁎⁎	33.49± 9.19	−5.166^⁎⁎⁎	51.58±11.59	13.147^⁎⁎⁎	54.18±10.46	13.047^⁎⁎⁎	32.83± 6.49	13.039^⁎⁎⁎
Safe	19.80±13.08		5.83± 6.77		35.79±10.36		45.07±10.06		47.84±11.16		28.66± 7.86
You believe in your family's readiness to cope with this COVID-19 outbreak^†
Not believe	29.88±13.00	14.064^⁎⁎⁎	8.27± 7.23	6.042^⁎⁎⁎	33.00± 8.93	−5.628^⁎⁎⁎	52.15±11.39	11.528^⁎⁎⁎	54.61±10.21	11.215^⁎⁎⁎	32.95± 6.27	10.788^⁎⁎⁎
Believe	20.79±13.24		6.15± 6.89		35.58±0.25		46.01±10.62		48.81±11.31		29.36± 7.85
You believe in your colleagues’ readiness to cope with this COVID-19 outbreak^†
Not believe	31.33±13.17	13.612^⁎⁎⁎	8.80± 7.36	6.386^⁎⁎⁎	31.85± 9.26	−6.898^⁎⁎⁎	53.80±11.32	12.685^⁎⁎⁎	56.27± 9.50	13.301^⁎⁎⁎	33.29± 6.48	9.747^⁎⁎⁎
Believe	21.40±13.22		6.24± 6.88		35.60± 9.98		46.25±10.63		49.01±11.26		29.66± 7.69
You believe in your hospital's readiness to cope with this COVID-19 outbreak^†
Not believe	32.39±13.12	14.278^⁎⁎⁎	9.01± 7.48	6.364^⁎⁎⁎	31.81± 9.19	−6.431^⁎⁎⁎	54.14±11.66	12.322^⁎⁎⁎	56.70± 9.82	12.921^⁎⁎⁎	33.44± 6.49	9.481^⁎⁎⁎
Believe	21.48±13.16		6.28± 6.86		35.49± 9.99		46.41±10.60		49.14±11.16		29.74± 7.67
Willingness to participate in frontline work during the COVID-19 outbreak^†
Yes	23.05±13.57	−6.279^⁎⁎⁎	6.62± 6.99	−5.200^⁎⁎⁎	35.01± 9.88	4.579^⁎⁎⁎	47.43±10.97	−8.364^⁎⁎⁎	50.14±11.19	−9.256^⁎⁎⁎	30.31± 7.55	−3.065**
No	35.31±15.43		11.25±7.67		29.25±10.54		59.13±12.92		61.31± 9.44		33.27±8.53

EE=emotional exhaustion.

DP=depersonalization.

PA=personal accomplishment.

^†

Independent two-sample t-test with t values presented.

^‡

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient test with r values presented.

^⁎

0.01≤p<0.05.

^⁎⁎

0.001≤p<0.01.

^⁎⁎⁎

p<0.001.