Table 3.
Longitudinal analyses of sleep patterns at baseline and during the COVID-19 quarantine.
| Before quarantine | Before quarantine | During quarantine | Longitudinal Changes (n = 86) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Participants | n = 199 | n = 86 | n = 86 | |
| PSQI (global sleep quality) | 6.45 (3.59), Range: 0-16 | 6.45 (3.84), Range: 0-16 | 5.93 (3.88), Range: 0-17 | t (82) = 1.88, p = 0.064, d = 0.21, BF10 = 0.48 |
| FIRST (sleep vulnerability to stress) | 20.65 (7.32), Range: 9-35 | 18.72 (7.38), Range: 9-34 | 19.02 (7.65), Range: 9-34 | t (85) = 0.68, p = 0.497, d = 0.07, BF10 = 0.11 |
| SSS (daytime sleepiness) | 2.26 (1.53), Range: 1-7 | 2.13 (1.37), Range: 1-7 | 2.21 (1.29), Range: 1-6 | t (85) = 0.56, p = 0.577, d = 0.06, BF10 = 0.10 |
| Sensitivity Analyses | n = 52 | n = 52 | n = 52 | |
| PSQI (global sleep quality) | – | 6.63 (4.03), Range: 0-16 | 5.77 (3.79), Range: 0-17 | t (50) = 2.61, p = 0.012, d = 0.37, BF10 = 2.53∗ |
| FIRST (sleep vulnerability to stress) | – | 19.12 (7.63), Range: 9-34 | 19.33 (7.85), Range: 9-34 | t (51) = 0.36, p = 0.718, d = 0.05, BF10 = 0.12 |
| SSS (daytime sleepiness) | – | 2.15 (1.19), Range: 1-5 | 2.15 (1.13), Range: 1-5 | t (51) < 0.001, p > 0.999, d = 0, BF10 = 0.11 |
Data presented as mean (standard deviation), range.
∗p ≤ 0.05.
Note: Higher scores represent worse sleep outcomes for PSQI, FIRST, and SSS.
Abbreviations: BF10 = Bayes Factor: Alternative versus null hypothesis; FIRST = Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SSS = Stanford Sleepiness Scale.
Sensitivity analyses excluded shift-workers and participants who reported symptoms or positive tests of COVID-19.