Table 2. Associations of 2 Nutritional Supplementations With Gastric Cancer Incidence and Mortality, Stratified by Lifestyle Factors.
| Factor | Gastric cancer incidence | Gastric cancer mortality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No./total No. (%)a | OR (95% CI)b | P value for interactionc | No./total No. (%)a | HR (95% CI)d | P value for interactionc | |||
| Placebo | Active | Placebo | Active | |||||
| Vitamin supplementation | ||||||||
| Overall | 89/1627 (5.5) | 58/1610 (3.6) | 0.64 (0.46-0.91) | NA | 61/1627 (3.7) | 29/1610 (1.8) | 0.48 (0.31-0.75) | NA |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Ever | 58/713 (8.1) | 39/698 (5.6) | 0.66 (0.43-1.01) | .82 | 43/713 (6.0) | 22/698 (3.2) | 0.52 (0.31-0.87) | .50 |
| Never | 31/914 (3.4) | 19/912 (2.1) | 0.60 (0.34-1.08) | 18/914 (2.0) | 7/912 (0.8) | 0.35 (0.15-0.85) | ||
| Alcohol | ||||||||
| Ever | 55/741 (7.4) | 35/747 (4.7) | 0.61 (0.39-0.96) | .72 | 41/741 (5.5) | 18/747 (2.4) | 0.44 (0.25-0.76) | .54 |
| Never | 34/886 (3.8) | 23/863 (2.7) | 0.70 (0.40-1.20) | 20/886 (2.3) | 11/863 (1.3) | 0.58 (0.28-1.21) | ||
| Grain, kg/ye | ||||||||
| <225 | 36/700 (5.1) | 26/732 (3.6) | 0.68 (0.40-1.15) | .69 | 27/700 (3.9) | 9/732 (1.2) | 0.31 (0.15-0.67) | .24 |
| ≥225 | 51/890 (5.7) | 30/846 (3.5) | 0.58 (0.36-0.94) | 34/890 (3.8) | 18/846 (2.1) | 0.56 (0.32-0.99) | ||
| Meat, kg/ye | ||||||||
| <8 | 43/776 (5.5) | 29/801 (3.6) | 0.61 (0.37-1.01) | .84 | 30/776 (3.9) | 12/801 (1.5) | 0.39 (0.20-0.76) | .49 |
| ≥8 | 44/814 (5.4) | 27/777 (3.5) | 0.67 (0.40-1.10) | 31/814 (3.8) | 15/777 (1.9) | 0.53 (0.28-0.98) | ||
| Total vegetables and fruits, kg/ye | ||||||||
| <92 | 47/785 (6.0) | 28/796 (3.5) | 0.58 (0.36-0.96) | .70 | 31/785 (3.9) | 12/796 (1.5) | 0.37 (0.19-0.73) | .50 |
| ≥92 | 40/805 (5.0) | 28/782 (3.7) | 0.68 (0.41-1.14) | 30/805 (3.7) | 15/782 (1.9) | 0.51 (0.27-0.95) | ||
| Total fresh vegetables and fruits, kg/ye | ||||||||
| <81 | 47/789 (6.0) | 26/788 (3.3) | 0.55 (0.34-0.92) | .49 | 31/789 (3.9) | 13/788 (1.6) | 0.41 (0.22-0.79) | .79 |
| ≥81 | 40/801 (5.0) | 30/790 (3.8) | 0.72 (0.44-1.18) | 30/801 (3.7) | 14/790 (1.7) | 0.47 (0.25-0.89) | ||
| Garlic supplementation | ||||||||
| Overall | 81/1631 (5.0) | 66/1606 (4.1) | 0.81 (0.57-1.13) | NA | 54/1631 (3.3) | 36/1606 (2.2) | 0.66 (0.43-0.999) | NA |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Ever | 54/711 (7.6) | 43/700 (6.1) | 0.78 (0.51-1.20) | .84 | 38/711 (5.3) | 27/700 (3.9) | 0.70 (0.43-1.15) | .58 |
| Never | 27/920 (2.9) | 23/906 (2.5) | 0.86 (0.49-1.52) | 16/920 (1.7) | 9/906 (1.0) | 0.51 (0.23-1.17) | ||
| Alcohol | ||||||||
| Ever | 46/756 (6.1) | 44/732 (6.0) | 0.99 (0.64-1.54) | .16 | 31/756 (4.1) | 28/732 (3.8) | 0.92 (0.55-1.54) | .03 |
| Never | 35/875 (4.0) | 22/874 (2.5) | 0.62 (0.36-1.07) | 23/875 (2.6) | 8/874 (0.9) | 0.33 (0.15-0.75) | ||
| Grain, kg/ye | ||||||||
| <225 | 31/731 (4.2) | 31/701 (4.4) | 1.05 (0.62-1.76) | .31 | 21/731 (2.9) | 15/701 (2.1) | 0.71 (0.36-1.39) | .82 |
| ≥225 | 47/859 (5.5) | 34/877 (3.9) | 0.72 (0.45-1.15) | 32/859 (3.7) | 20/877 (2.3) | 0.64 (0.37-1.12) | ||
| Meat, kg/ye | ||||||||
| <8 | 39/797 (4.9) | 33/780 (4.2) | 0.85 (0.52-1.38) | .92 | 25/797 (3.1) | 17/780 (2.2) | 0.68 (0.36-1.26) | .84 |
| ≥8 | 39/793 (4.9) | 32/798 (4.0) | 0.81 (0.49-1.32) | 28/793 (3.5) | 18/798 (2.3) | 0.62 (0.34-1.13) | ||
| Total vegetables and fruits, kg/ye | ||||||||
| <92 | 43/796 (5.4) | 32/785 (4.1) | 0.76 (0.47-1.22) | .63 | 28/796 (3.5) | 15/785 (1.9) | 0.53 (0.28-1.00) | .41 |
| ≥92 | 35/794 (4.4) | 33/793 (4.2) | 0.88 (0.53-1.45) | 25/794 (3.1) | 20/793 (2.5) | 0.78 (0.43-1.40) | ||
| Total fresh vegetables and fruits, kg/ye | ||||||||
| <81 | 42/795 (5.3) | 31/782 (4) | 0.75 (0.46-1.22) | .64 | 29/795 (3.6) | 15/782 (1.9) | 0.52 (0.28-0.96) | .34 |
| ≥81 | 36/795 (4.5) | 34/796 (4.3) | 0.88 (0.54-1.43) | 24/795 (3) | 20/796 (2.5) | 0.80 (0.44-1.45) | ||
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio.
a
Number of participants with an event divided by total number of participants. Those with missing data on the examined independent factor or other covariates were excluded from the multivariable models.
b
Logistic regression adjusted for baseline histology, age, sex, history of ever using alcohol, and history of ever smoking.
c
P values for interactions were calculated by adding the interaction term between 2 items in the regression models in addition to the indicators of the 2 items being analyzed.
d
Cox regression adjusted for baseline histology, age, sex, history of ever using alcohol, and history of ever smoking.
e
Levels correspond to median distribution of intake between 2 groups.