Table 2.
Comparison of potential and known risk factors between cases and controls.
| Variable | Cases | Controls | OR (95% CI)a | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Former waterpipe smoker | ||||
| No | 40 (80%) | 96 (96%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 10 (20%) | 4 (4%) | 6.0 (1.78–20.26) | 0.004b |
| Ever lived near a generator | ||||
| No | 29 (58%) | 78 (78%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 21 (42%) | 22 (22%) | 2.57 (1.23–5.35) | 0.018b |
| Former cigarette smoker | ||||
| No | 4 (8%) | 59 (59%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 46 (92%) | 41 (41%) | 16.55 (5.53–49.55) | <0.001b |
| Daily cigarette consumption | ||||
| <25 cig. | 4 (8.7%) | 22 (53.7%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| 25–35 cig. | 16 (34.8%) | 12 (29.3%) | 7.33 (1.99–26.95) | |
| >35 cig. | 26 (56.5%) | 7 (17.1%) | 20.42 (5.28–79.03) | <0.001b |
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | 3 (6%) | 20 (20%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Urban | 47 (94%) | 80 (80%) | 3.92 (1.10–13.89) | 0.045b |
| Ever lived near road traffic | ||||
| No | 12 (24%) | 45 (45%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 38 (76%) | 55 (55%) | 2.59 (1.21–5.54) | 0.020b |
| Use of fuel for heating | ||||
| No | 22 (44%) | 69 (69%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 28 (56%) | 31 (31%) | 2.83 (1.41–5.71) | 0.005b |
| Exposure to passive smoking at home | ||||
| No | 19 (38%) | 58 (58%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 31 (62%) | 42 (42%) | 2.25 (1.12–4.52) | 0.033b |
| Exposure to passive smoking at work | ||||
| No | 23 (46%) | 66 (66%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 27 (54%) | 34 (34%) | 2.28 (1.14–4.56) | 0.030b |
| Fruit and vegetable consumption | ||||
| High | 13 (26%) | 73 (73%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Low | 37 (74%) | 27 (27%) | 7.70 (3.56–16.63) | <0.001b |
| Past multivitamin intake | ||||
| No | 43 (87.8%) | 94 (95.9%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 6 (12.2 %) | 4 (4.1%) | 3.28 (0.88–12.22) | 0.132b |
| Past occupational exposure to gases and toxins | ||||
| No | 28 (56%) | 77 (77%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 22 (44%) | 23 (23%) | 2.63 (1.27–5.44) | 0.014b |
| Chronic respiratory disease | ||||
| No | 38 (76%) | 91 (91%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 12 (24%) | 9 (9%) | 3.19 (1.24–8.20) | 0.025b |
| Chronic respiratory symptoms | ||||
| No | 35 (70%) | 90 (90%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 15 (30%) | 10 (10%) | 3.86 (1.58–9.40) | 0.004b |
| Cardiovascular problems | ||||
| No | 37 (74%) | 78 (78%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 13 (26%) | 22 (225) | 1.25 (0.57–2.74) | 0.733b |
| Respiratory problem during childhood | ||||
| No | 38 (82.6%) | 88 (94.6%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 8 (17.4%) | 5 (5.4%) | 3.71 (1.14–12.06) | 0.048b |
| Respiratory infection during childhood | ||||
| No | 35 (72.9%) | 90 (93.7%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 13 (27.1%) | 6 (6.3%) | 5.57 (1.96–15.81) | 0.001b |
| Family history of respiratory diseases | ||||
| No | 17 (34%) | 15 (15%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 33 (66%) | 85 (85%) | 2.92 (1.31–6.51) | 0.014b |
| Family history of cancer | ||||
| No | 24 (48%) | 21 (21%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 26 (52%) | 79 (79%) | 3.47 (1.67–7.24) | 0.001b |
| Family history of lung cancer | ||||
| No | 11 (22%) | 6 (6.3%) | 1.0 (Ref.) | |
| Yes | 39 (78%) | 90 (93.7%) | 4.42 (1.53–12.79) | 0.008b |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a
Crude odds ratio.
b
Chi-square test.