Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the sample
| Characteristics | 2012 | 2014 | χ2 | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size, n | 4235 | 3656 | ||
| Age (years), median (SD) | 71.19 (10.06) | 72.11 (9.58) | ||
| Age group (years), n (%) | ||||
| 18–39 | 19 (0.45) | 7 (0.19) | 72.83 | <0.01 |
| 40–49 | 136 (3.21) | 67 (1.83) | ||
| 50–59 | 438 (10.34) | 266 (7.28) | ||
| 60–69 | 1236 (29.19) | 928 (25.38) | ||
| ≥70 | 2406 (56.81) | 2388 (65.32) | ||
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 1702 (40.19) | 1446 (39.55) | 0.33 | 0.56 |
| Female | 2533 (59.81) | 2210 (60.45) | ||
| Community, n (%) | ||||
| Urban | 1700 (40.14) | 1451 (39.69) | 0.17 | 0.68 |
| Rural | 2535 (59.86) | 2205 (60.31) | ||
| Medicinal treatmenta, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 1427 (33.78) | 2570 (70.74) | 1067.97 | <0.01 |
| No | 2798 (66.22) | 1063 (29.26) | ||
| Comorbid disease, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetesb | ||||
| Yes | 992 (23.42) | 867 (23.71) | 0.09 | 0.76 |
| No | 3243 (76.58) | 2789 (76.29) | ||
| Stroke, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 31 (1.57) | |||
| No | 1945 (98.43) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 465 (23.56%) | |||
| No | 1509 (76.44%) | |||
| Kidney disease, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 58 (2.94) | |||
| No | 1917 (97.06) | |||
| Biomarkers, mean (SD) | ||||
| AST:ALT ratio | 1.51 (2.78) | |||
| ALT (U/L) | 20.13 (13.35) | |||
| AST (U/L) | 23.5 (13.77) | |||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 79.75 (28.98) | |||
| Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 6.58 (6.93) | |||
| Tbil (μmol/L) | 13.75 (11.76) |
aPrescription medication treatment for hypertension or diabetes.
bHypertension and diabetes present in the same individual.
Source: Authors’ field work from 2009 to 2014.