Table 3.
Variable | 2012 compared with 2009 | 2014 compared with 2009 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SBP, mmHg | DBP, mmHg | SBP, mmHg | DBP, mmHg | |||||
Median (95% CI) | p-Value | Median (95% CI) | p-Value | Median (95% CI) | p-Value | Median (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Total | 8.00 (7.06 to 8.26) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.76 to 6.53) | <0.01 | 7.00 (5.16 to 6.51) | <0.01 | 6.50 (5.49 to 6.39) | <0.01 |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 8.00 (6.59 to 8.44) | <0.01 | 7.00 (5.7 to 6.93) | <0.01 | 7.00 (4.7 to 6.78) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.43 to 6.77) | <0.01 |
Female | 9.00 (6.97 to 8.54) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.55 to 6.53) | <0.01 | 7.00 (4.95 to 6.68) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.29 to 6.37) | <0.01 |
Difference | −0.24 (−1.46 to 0.99) | 0.70 | 0.27 (−0.51 to 1.06) | 0.50 | −0.08 (−1.43 to 1.28) | 0.91 | 0.27 (−0.59 to 1.13) | 0.54 |
Community | ||||||||
Urban | 10.00 (7.55 to 9.49) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.6 to 6.83) | <0.01 | 8.00 (5.53 to 7.73) | <0.01 | 7.00 (5.49 to 6.88) | <0.01 |
Rural | 8.00 (6.32 to 7.84) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.61 to 6.6) | <0.01 | 6.00 (4.4 to 6.06) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.24 to 6.30) | <0.01 |
Difference | 1.44 (0.22 to 2.66) | 0.02 | 0.11 (−0.68 to 0.89) | 0.78 | 1.40 (0.04 to 1.76) | 0.04 | 0.42 (−0.45 to 1.28) | 0.34 |
Age group (years) | ||||||||
18–44 | 10.00 (−0.97 to 9.79) | 0.11 | 10.00 (1.48 to 10) | <0.01 | 8.00 (2.83 to 18.88) | 0.01 | 10.00 (0.28 to 12.19) | 0.04 |
45–54 | 8.00 (5.11 to 9.35) | <0.01 | 7.00 (5.55 to 8.62) | <0.01 | 10.00 (3.11 to 8.75) | <0.01 | 7.50 (1.92 to 6.24) | <0.01 |
55–64 | 10.00 (8.09 to 10.52) | <0.01 | 8.00 (6.22 to 7.87) | <0.01 | 8.00 (5.92 to 9.12) | <0.01 | 6.00 (4.77 to 7.14) | <0.01 |
65–74 | 10.00 (6.71 to 8.67) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.36 to 6.59) | <0.01 | 8.00 (3.97 to 6.26) | <0.01 | 6.00 (4.86 to 6.33) | <0.01 |
≥75 | 8.00 (5.8 to 7.95) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.03 to 6.37) | <0.01 | 6.00 (3.77 to 6.07) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.28 to 6.64) | <0.01 |
Difference | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.54 | ||||
Medicinal treatment | ||||||||
Yes | 8.00 (7.47 to 8.91) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.84 to 6.81) | <0.01 | 8.00 (5.4 to 6.96) | <0.01 | 7.00 (5.58 to 6.57) | <0.01 |
No | 7.00 (5.18 to 7.29) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.18 to 6.43) | <0.01 | 6.00 (3.5 to 6.07) | <0.01 | 6.00 (4.76 to 6.41) | <0.01 |
Difference | 1.95 (0.7 to 3.21) | <0.01 | 0.52 (−0.29 to 1.34) | 0.21 | 1.39 (−0.07 to 2.86) | 0.06 | 0.49 (−0.44 to 1.42) | 0.30 |
Antihypertensive agents | ||||||||
Diuretics | 6.00 (4.13 to 8.19) | <0.01 | 6.00 (4.17 to 6.69) | <0.01 | 7.00 (3.14 to 7.06) | <0.01 | 6.00 (3.41 to 5.97) | <0.01 |
Calcium ion antagonists | 7.00 (4.54 to 9.49) | <0.01 | 6.00 (4.28 to 6.91) | <0.01 | 6.00 (3.13 to 6.43) | <0.01 | 7.00 (4.83 to 6.82) | <0.01 |
ACEIsa | 7.00 (4.53 to 8.48) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.02 to 7.51) | <0.01 | 8.00 (4.82 to 9.89) | <0.01 | 7.00 (4.23 to 7.39) | <0.01 |
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists | 2.00 (−3.19 to 5.29) | 0.62 | 4.00 (1.13 to 6.52) | <0.01 | 6.00 (1.72 to 6.79) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.1 to 7.99) | <0.01 |
Compound preparations | 5.00 (−2.21 to 10.57) | 0.19 | 4.50 (0.42 to 6.96) | 0.03 | 9.50 (3.31 to 11.76) | <0.01 | 7.00 (5.39 to 12.03) | <0.01 |
Combinations of two or more drugs | 10.00 (4.65 to 9.54) | <0.01 | 8.00 (5.48 to 8.38) | <0.01 | 10.00 (5.95 to 9.05) | <0.01 | 8.00 (5.34 to 7.37) | <0.01 |
Smoking | ||||||||
Yes | 6.00 (4.22 to 7.97) | <0.01 | 5.00 (3.29 to 5.70) | <0.01 | 5.00 (1.57 to 6.96) | <0.01 | 5.00 (3.48 to 6.75) | <0.01 |
No | 8.00 (6.84 to 8.36) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.63 to 6.59) | <0.01 | 6.00 (3.93 to 5.6) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.07 to 6.14) | <0.01 |
Difference | −1.51 (−3.64 to 0.63) | 0.17 | −1.62 (−2.98 to −0.26) | 0.02 | −0.50 (−3.26 to 2.26) | 0.72 | −0.50 (−2.26 to 1.27) | 0.58 |
Overweight/obesityb | ||||||||
Yes | 7.00 (5.32 to 7.42) | <0.01 | 5.00 (4.75 to 6.12) | <0.01 | 5.00 (2.98 to 5.21) | <0.01 | 6.00 (4.81 to 6.27) | <0.01 |
No | 8.00 (6.75 to 8.43) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.46 to 6.49) | <0.01 | 8.00 (5.80 to 7.52) | <0.01 | 6.00 (5.50 to 6.56) | <0.01 |
Difference | −1.22 (−2.58 to 0.14) | 0.08 | −0.54 (−1.39 to 0.31) | 0.21 | −2.56 (−3.97 to 1.16) | <0.01 | −0.49 (−1.38 to 0.40) | 0.28 |
aMeans are significantly different from those of other groups.
bUsing BMI ≥25 as a classification standard in 2012 and 2014.
Source: Authors’ field work, from 2009 to 2014.