Table 4.
The results of the GLM regression for SBP and DBP
| Parameter | Results in 2012 compared with 2009 (N=4235) | Results in 2014 compared with 2009 (N=3656) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Difference in SBP, mmHg | Difference in DBP, mmHg | Difference in SBP, mmHg | Difference in DBP, mmHg | |||||
| Estimate (SE) | p-Value | Estimate (SE) | p-Value | Estimate (SE) | p-Value | Estimate (SE) | p-Value | |
| Intercept | 117.99 (3.76) | <0.01 | 73.57 (2.67) | <0.01 | 85.43 (8.81) | <0.01 | 55.48 (5.62) | <0.01 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male vs female | 0.19 (0.49) | 0.70 | 0.67 (0.34) | 0.04 | 0.40 (0.94) | 0.67 | 1.03 (0.60) | 0.09 |
| Age (continuous) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.84 | −0.10 (0.02) | <0.01 | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.18 | −0.19 (0.04) | <0.01 |
| Community | ||||||||
| Urban vs rural | 0.20 (0.51) | 0.69 | 0.42 (0.35) | 0.23 | −0.99 (0.95) | 0.30 | −0.88 (0.60) | 0.15 |
| Medicinal treatment | ||||||||
| Yes vs no (in 2012) | – | – | 2.27 (1.15) | 0.04 | 2.43 (0.74) | <0.01 | ||
| Antihypertensive agents | ||||||||
| Diuretics | 2.15 (0.81) | <0.01 | 1.63 (0.57) | <0.01 | 3.73 (1.54) | 0.02 | 2.45 (0.98) | 0.01 |
| Calcium ion antagonists | −0.26 (0.97) | 0.79 | 1.04 (0.67) | 0.12 | 1.63 (1.33) | 0.22 | −0.63 (0.85) | 0.46 |
| β-blockers | −2.82 (14.34) | 0.84 | −1.38 (9.12) | 0.88 | −2.00 (5.05) | 0.69 | 0.26 (3.22) | 0.94 |
| ACEIs | 0.81 (0.92) | 0.38 | 1.78 (0.65) | <0.01 | −1.63 (2.04) | 0.43 | −0.29 (1.30) | 0.83 |
| Angiotensin II receptor antagonists | 4.91 (1.71) | <0.01 | 3.44 (1.17) | <0.01 | 2.28 (1.90) | 0.23 | −2.32 (1.21) | 0.05 |
| Compound preparations | 5.73 (2.63) | 0.03 | 3.02 (1.68) | 0.07 | −4.03 (2.67) | 0.13 | −3.17 (1.71) | 0.06 |
| Combinations of two or more drugs | 3.50 (0.97) | <0.01 | 1.47 (0.66) | 0.02 | −1.78 (1.34) | 0.19 | −2.32 (0.86) | <0.01 |
| BP in 2009, mmHg | ||||||||
| SBP | −0.94 (0.02) | <0.01 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.48 | −0.88 (0.04) | <0.01 | 0.002 (0.02) | 0.94 |
| DBP | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.27 | −0.90 (0.02) | <0.01 | 0.004 (0.06) | 0.94 | −0.81 (0.04) | <0.01 |
| BP in 2012, mmHg | ||||||||
| SBP | – | – | 0.14 (0.04) | <0.01 | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.52 | ||
| DBP | – | – | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.04 | 0.32 (0.04) | <0. 01 | ||
| Complication | ||||||||
| Diabetes (yes vs no) | 0.23 (0.07) | <0.01 | 0.10 (0.05) | 0.03 | 1.06 (1.14) | 0.35 | 1.48 (0.72) | 0.04 |
| Overweight/obesity | ||||||||
| Yes vs no | 1.59 (0.50) | <0.01 | 1.04 (0.35) | <0.01 | 2.17 (0.94) | 0.02 | 0.72 (0.60) | 0.24 |
| Physical activity (min/d) | ||||||||
| 0, reference | ||||||||
| ~30 | – | – | −1.26 (1.47) | 0.39 | −1.32 (0.94) | 0.16 | ||
| ~60 | – | – | −1.14 (1.55) | 0.46 | −0.43 (0.99) | 0.67 | ||
| >60 | – | – | −0.70 (1.38) | 0.61 | −1.35 (0.88) | 0.13 | ||
| AST:ALT ratio | – | – | 0.26 (0.16) | 0.11 | 0.29 (0.10) | <0. 01 | ||
| Kidney disease (yes vs no) | – | – | −4.69 (2.53) | 0.06 | −2.96 (1.61) | 0.07 | ||
| Cardiovascular disease (yes vs no) | – | – | −4.83 (1.07) | <0.01 | −1.69 (0.68) | 0.01 | ||
Source: Authors’ field work, from 2009 to 2014.