Table 3.
Predictors of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy.
| Variable | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Women’s age (y) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.88 | ||
| Gestational age at the last day of Ramadan (wk) | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 0.03 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 0.06 |
| Family income (IDR)a | ||||
| <2.5 million | Reference | |||
| >2.5 million | 1.57 (0.74, 3.32) | 0.24 | ||
| Refused to answer | 1.41 (0.28, 7.04) | 0.67 | ||
| Women’s educationb | ||||
| Low | Reference | |||
| Intermediate | 0.87 (0.27, 2.81) | 0.81 | ||
| High | 1.02 (0.28, 3.77) | 0.98 | ||
| Husband’s educationb | ||||
| Low | Reference | |||
| Intermediate | 0.89 (0.23, 3.38) | 0.86 | ||
| High | 1.25 (0.29, 5.47) | 0.77 | ||
| Women’s employment | ||||
| Not working | Reference | |||
| Nonformal job | 0.62 (0.15–2.55) | 0.51 | ||
| Formal job | 0.85 (0.40–1.81) | 0.68 | ||
| Maternal ethnic groups | ||||
| Javanese | 0.33 (0.09, 1.26) | 0.33 | ||
| Sundanese | 0.40 (0.10, 1.65) | 0.40 | ||
| Betawi | 0.31 (0.08, 1.19) | 0.31 | ||
| Other | Reference | |||
| Parity | ||||
| Primiparity | Reference | |||
| Multiparity | 1.00 (0.49, 2.07) | 0.99 | ||
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.21) | 0.11 | 1.10 (0.99, 1.23) | 0.08 |
| Aware of pregnancy during Ramadan (yes/no) | c | |||
| Experienced morning sickness (yes/no) | 0.85 (0.41, 1.76) | 0.66 | ||
| Afraid fasting during pregnancy may affect fetal health (yes/no) | 0.43 (0.21, 0.89) | 0.02 | 0.71 (0.29, 1.73) | 0.45 |
| Afraid fasting during pregnancy may affect own health (yes/no) | 0.47 (0.22, 1.01) | 0.05 | 0.74 (0.29, 1.89) | 0.53 |
| Husband’s opinion regarding fasting during pregnancy | ||||
| No opinion/Unknown | Reference | Reference | ||
| Women should not fast | 0.32 (0.15, 0.69) | <0.01 | 0.34 (0.14, 0.82) | 0.02 |
| Women should fast | 0.85 (0.25, 2.87) | 0.80 | 0.96 (0.27, 3.44) | 0.95 |
| Also fasted outside of Ramadan (during pregnancy) (yes/no) | 5.41 (0.70, 41.75) | 0.11 | ||
Data are presented as OR from (univariable or multivariable) logistic regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals for every one-unit increase in the predictor or for positive predictor.
BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; IDR = Indonesian Rupiah; OR = odds ratio.
a
Estimated monthly family income.
b
Low education, completed elementary and junior high school; intermediate, completed senior high school; high, completed university or above.
c
Cannot be analyzed because there were too few cases in the fasted or non-fasted women.