Table 5.
Association of demographic- and lifestyle-related factors with gastroesophageal reflux disease.
| GERD | χ2, df, p | Binary logistic regression (p) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | ||||
| Gender | Male | 21 | 43.8 | 1.875, 1, 0.171 | — |
| Female | 27 | 56.3 | 0.259 | ||
| Age (y) | 18–21 | 25 | 52.1 | 0.089, 2, 0.957 | — |
| 22–25 | 22 | 45.8 | 0.752 | ||
| >25 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.616 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18.5–24.9 (normal) | 33 | 68.8 | 2.047, 3, 0.563 | — |
| <18.5 (underweight) | 3 | 6.3 | 0.230 | ||
| 25–30 (overweight) | 9 | 18.8 | 0.428 | ||
| >30 (obese) | 3 | 6.3 | 0.903 | ||
| Tea intake (cups/d) | 0 | 3 | 6.3 | 5.768, 4, 0.217 | — |
| 1 | 17 | 35.4 | 0.055 | ||
| 2 | 17 | 35.4 | 0.010* | ||
| 3 | 6 | 12.5 | 0.253 | ||
| >3 | 5 | 10.4 | 0.154 | ||
| Coffee intake (cups/d) | 0 | 17 | 35.4 | 2.958, 4, 0.565 | — |
| 1 | 18 | 37.5 | 0.224 | ||
| 2 | 5 | 10.4 | 0.087 | ||
| 3 | 4 | 8.3 | 0.760 | ||
| >3 | 4 | 8.3 | 0.865 | ||
| Fatty food consumption (average frequency/wk) | 0 | 1 | 2.1 | 3.290, 4, 0.511 | — |
| 1 | 11 | 22.9 | 0.546 | ||
| 2 | 15 | 31.3 | 0.678 | ||
| 3 | 10 | 20.8 | 0.796 | ||
| >3 | 11 | 22.9 | 0.239 | ||
| Alcohol consumption (cups/wk) | 0 | 46 | 95.8 | 1.128, 3, 0.770 | — |
| 1 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.558 | ||
| 2 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.220 | ||
| 3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.999 | ||
| >3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.999 | ||
| Cigarettes consumption (No. of cigarettes/d) | 0 | 42 | 87.5 | 8.447, 5, 0.133 | — |
| 1–5 | 3 | 6.3 | 0.044* | ||
| 6–10 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.193 | ||
| 11–15 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.287 | ||
| 16–20 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.776 | ||
| >20 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.999 | ||
| Waterpipe consumption (average frequency/wk) | 0 | 39 | 81.3 | 3.740, 4, 0.442 | — |
| 1 | 4 | 8.3 | 0.755 | ||
| 2 | 1 | 2.1 | 0.344 | ||
| 3 | 2 | 4.2 | 0.149 | ||
| >3 | 2 | 4.2 | 0.703 | ||
| Regular NSAIDS intake (pills/mo) | 0–5 | 41 | 85.4 | 2.966, 4, 0.564 | — |
| 6–10 | 5 | 10.4 | 0.946 | ||
| 11–15 | 2 | 4.2 | 0.270 | ||
| 16–20 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.999 | ||
| >20 | 0 | 0.0 | 1.000 | ||
BMI = body mass index; df = degree of freedom; GERD = gastroesophageal reflux disease; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
*
p < 0.05; for the χ2 or binary logistic regression test investigating the association between each risk factor and gastroesophageal reflux disease.