Table 2.
Heavy metal concentration in tap water samples.
| Ref. | Mean heavy metal concentration (μg/L) Range of heavy metals analysed (μg/L) |
Instrument | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al | Fe | Cu | Zn | Cr | Mn | Ni | As | Cd | Pb | ||
| [1] | – | 59.58 20–330 |
85.42 10–260 |
37.41 2–360 |
0.01 BDL*–0.88 |
30.9 BDL*–90 |
0.91 0.26–2.63 |
0.81 0.16–6.14 |
0.41 0.36–0.85 |
0.28 BDL*–3.8 |
F-AAS* & GF-AAS* |
| – | 5 – |
1.5 – |
1.5 – |
– 0.004 |
1.5 | 0.07 | – 0.05 |
– 0.002 |
– 0.05 |
*LOD1 *LOD2 |
|
| [10] | – | 34.7 11.6–98.7 |
0.794 0.099–2 |
130.2 2.2–453 |
1.24 0.036–3.57 |
1.43 BDL*–5.33 |
1.18 BDL*–4.71 |
– | 1.33 0.12–2.56 |
0.75 0.1–6.03 |
ICP-MS* |
| 0.0005 | 0.0002 | 0.0007 | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0004 | 0.00007 | 0.00004 | LOD3 | ||
| [45] | – | 70 23.2–330 |
8.59 0.9–26.3 |
34.7 2.1–358.2 |
– | 25.39 BDL*–91 |
– | – | – | 0.32 BDL*–3.8 |
F-AAS*, GF-AAS* for Pb |
| – | 5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | – | 1.5 | – | – | – | 0.05 | *LOD1,2 | |
| [46] | – | – | 700.0 600–1300 |
130 30–150 |
15.0 10–24 |
– | – | – | 0.175 0.1–0.26 |
32 30–60 |
*AASx |
| [52] | 206.3 27–611 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | GF-AAS* |
| [53] | 292.0 53–1030 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | GF-AAS* |
| [54] | 330.0 10–860 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | GF-AAS* |
| [55] | 395.5 31–962 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | GF-AAS* |
| 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | *LOD2 | |
| [56] a* | 200.0 130–230 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Lambda 25 UV/Vis |
| [56] b* | 220.0 140–360 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| [57] c* | 110 20–280 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Lambda 25 UV/Vis |
| [57] d* | 120 50–260 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 2.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | *LOD4 | |
| [58] e* | 1.55 0.63–3 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | GF-AAS* |
| [58] f* | 1.25 0.78–2.09 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| [59] g* | 43.59 4.97–297 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | GF-AAS* |
| [59] h* | 1.02 0.22–1.83 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 0.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | *LOD2 | |
| [47] 1st * | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.041 0.09–56.49 |
GF-AAS* |
| [47] 2nd* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.064 BDL*–5.22 |
|
| [48] 1st* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3.22 0.09–16.6 |
GF-AAS* |
| [48] 2nd* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.02 0.05–9.92 |
|
| [49] 1st* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2.42 0.02–20.52 |
GF-AAS* |
| [49] 2nd* | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.55 0.02–4.62 |
|
| – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.05 | *LOD2 | |
| [30] | 200 | 300 | 1000 | 3000 | 50 | 100 | 20 | 10 | 3.0 | 10 | |
| [44] | 200 | 300 | 1000 | 3000 | 50 | 50 | 20 | 10 | 3.0 | 10 | |
a = Mukim Parit Lubok, Village b = Parit Raja Village, c = Sungai Lembing, d = Bukit Ubi, Village, e = Sungai Michu Village, f = Sungai Buah Village, g = Parit Haji Ibrahim Village, h = Parit Sarang Buaya, 1st = first flush sample and 2nd = sample taken after 2 min flushing [48] and 3 min flushing 49,50], BDL = below detection limit, AASX = Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (type of AAS is unavailable in the literature) F-AAS = Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, ICP-MS = Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, GF-AAS = Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, LOD1 = limit of detection for F-AAS, LOD2 = limit of detection for GF-AAS, LOD3 = limit of detection for ICP-MS, LOD4 = limit of detection for UV/VIS spectrometry.