Table 2.

Major characteristics of studies: the effect of the childbirth experience on postpartum depression

Author, year	Measure	Primiparas		Multiparas
		Sample size	Identified cases	Sample size	Identified cases
Akiyama 2014 [45]	EPDS	1942	237	1073	87
Arai 2009 [47]	EPDS	73	21	76	12
Doi 2015 [50]	EPDS	43	8	50	7
Fukuda 2011 [55]	EPDS	131	28	168	29
Fukuzawa 2004 [57]	EPDS	383	58	281	14
Fukuzawa 2006 [58]	EPDS	188	18	168	11
Fukuzawa 2011 [59]	EPDS	73	11	62	2
Hamazaki 2009 [61]	EPDS	443	56	543	35
Hozumi 2005 [68]	EPDS	49	13	61	3
Ichikawa 2008 [69]	EPDS	68	17	84	12
Ishii 2010 [71]	EPDS	64	4	45	2
Kanai 2016 [77]	EPDS	72	7	41	1
Kanazawa 2008 [78]	EPDS	42	6	69	10
Kikuchi 2007 [82]	EPDS	192	34	235	25
Kishi 2009 [86]	EPDS	83	12	77	8
Kishimoto 2013 [87]	EPDS	99	14	121	9
Kobayashi 2017 [10]	EPDS	598	155	369	36
Matsumoto 2011 [92]	EPDS	332	62	343	38
Mishina 2010 [96]	EPDS	164	34	115	9
Mitamura 2008 [98]	EPDS	211	20	312	20
Miyamoto 2012 [101]	EPDS	72	13	56	6
Mori 2016 [103]	EPDS	1808	430	1597	161
Muchanga 2017 [9]	EPDS	24,340	4276	57,351	6907
Nagatsuru 2006 [108]	EPDS	137	42	115	20
Nakamura 2015 [12]	EPDS	114	12	101	7
Nakano 2004 [110]	EPDS	75	15	85	9
Ngoma 2012 [111]	EPDS	41	5	76	2
Ninagawa 2005 [112]	EPDS	177	30	159	17
Ono 2008 [121]	EPDS	85	23	66	10
Sato 2002 [130]	EPDS	215	48	187	36
Satoh 2009 [131]	EPDS	99	29	78	13
Takehara 2018 [145]	EPDS	721	122	585	52
Tamaki 1997a [149]	EPDS	353	77	273	36
Tamaki 1997b [148]	EPDS	1034	147	1437	144
Tomari 2012 [150]	EPDS	136	38	177	15
Urayama 2013 [153]	EPDS	82	30	19	3
Watanabe 2008 [11]	EPDS	111	15	124	15
Yamaguchi 2016 [156]	EPDS	45	12	56	8
Yoshida 2017 [162]	EPDS	128	23	148	15