Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study patients with COVID-19.
| Characteristic | Total (n = 208) | Diabetic (n = 96) | Non-diabetic (n = 112) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year), median (IQR) | 64 (55–69) | 65 (58–71) | 62 (53–69) | 0.117 |
| Gender (Female) (proportion) | 107 (51.4%) | 54 (56.3%) | 53 (47.3%) | 0.199 |
| Fever (°C), median (IQR) | ||||
| On admission | 36.8 (36.4–37.0) | 36.7 (36.4–37.0) | 36.9 (36.5–37.0) | 0.038 |
| During hospitalization | 37.6 (37.0–38.3) | 37.0 (36.8–38.0) | 38.0 (37.4–38.6) | < 0.001 |
| Missed data | 9 | 3 | 6 | — |
| Systolic pressure on admission (mmHg), median (IQR) | 128 (111–140) | 130 (120–142) | 122 (110–137) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic pressure on admission (mmHg), median (IQR) | 82 (72–90) | 82 (73–90) | 83 (70–90) | 0.986 |
| Symptom (proportion) | ||||
| Fever (on admission) | 19 (9.1%) | 6 (6.3%) | 13 (11.6%) | 0.038 |
| Fever (during hospitalization) | 108 (51.9%) | 31 (32.3%) | 71 (68.8%) | <0.001 |
| Nasal congestion | 3 (1.4%) | 2 (2.1%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0.473 |
| Headache | 9 (4.3%) | 6 (6.3%) | 3 (2.7%) | 0.207 |
| Cough | 123 (59.1%) | 61 (63.5%) | 62 (55.4%) | 0.231 |
| Sore throat | 9 (4.3%) | 6 (6.3%) | 3 (2.7%) | 0.207 |
| Sputum production | 59 (28.4%) | 31 (32.3%) | 28 (25.0%) | 0.245 |
| Fatigue | 109 (52.4%) | 43 (44.8%) | 66 (58.9%) | 0.042 |
| Hemoptysis | 3 (1.4%) | 2 (2.1%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0.473 |
| Shortness of breath | 72 (34.6%) | 34 (35.4%) | 38 (33.9%) | 0.822 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 9 (4.3%) | 5 (5.2%) | 4 (3.6%) | 0.563 |
| Diarrhea | 15 (7.2%) | 8 (8.3%) | 7 (6.3%) | 0.563 |
| Myalgia or arthralgia | 33 (15.9%) | 19 (19.8%) | 14 (12.5%) | 0.151 |
| Chills | 16 (7.7%) | 14 (14.6%) | 2 (1.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Coexisting disorder (proportion) | ||||
| Hypertension | 91 (43.8%) | 56 (58.3%) | 35 (31.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 26 (12.5%) | 17 (17.7%) | 9 (8.0%) | 0.035 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 13 (6.3%) | 4 (4.2%) | 9 (8.0%) | 0.250 |
| Cancera | 6 (2.9%) | 2 (2.1%) | 4 (3.6%) | 0.523 |
| Chronic renal disease | 6 (2.9%) | 6 (6.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.007 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2 (1.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.9%) | 0.913 |
| Hepatitis B infectionb | 5 (2.4%) | 1 (1.0%) | 4 (3.6%) | 0.235 |
1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa.
a
Included in this category is any type of cancer.
b
The presence of hepatitis B infection was defined as a positive result on testing for hepatitis B surface antigen with or without elevated levels of alanine or aspartate aminotransferase.