Table 3.
Adjusteda difference in blood glucose levels (mg/dL) 1-hour post 50-g nonfasting glucose challenge test assessed at approximately 28 weeks’ gestation by first-trimester plasma per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances quartiles, overall and stratified by age at enrollment (< 35 years, ≥ 35 years)
| PFAS, ng/mL | All (n = 1533)b | < 35 y (n = 1105) | ≥ 35 y (n = 428) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | ||
| PFOS | Q1 (0.1-18.8) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) |
| Q2 (18.9-25.7) | 2.4 (–1.2 to 6.0) | 5.2 (0.8 to 9.6) | –4.0 (–10.8 to 2.8) | |
| Q3 (25.8-34.9) | 3.7 (0.0 to 7.4) | 5.2 (0.8 to 9.7) | 0.3 (–6.7 to 7.3) | |
| Q4 (35.0-185.0) | 4.3 (0.5 to 8.0) | 6.5 (2.1 to 10.9) | –0.7 (–8.0 to 6.7) | |
| PFOA | Q1 (0.3-4.2) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) |
| Q2 (4.3-5.9) | –0.4 (–4.0 to 3.3) | –0.5 (–5.0 to 4.0) | 0.4 (–6.1 to 7.0) | |
| Q3 (6.0-7.9) | 1.0 (–2.8 to 4.8) | 2.5 (–2.1 to 7.1) | –2.4 (–9.5 to 4.7) | |
| Q4 (8.0-36.7) | 1.5 (–2.4 to 5.3) | 2.6 (–1.9 to 7.2) | –1.4 (–9.0 to 6.2) | |
| PFHxS | Q1 (0.1-1.6) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) |
| Q2 (1.7-2.5) | –0.7 (–4.3 to 3.0) | 0.8 (–3.7 to 5.3) | –1.8 (–8.7 to 5.1) | |
| Q3 (2.6-3.8) | 1.9 (–1.8 to 5.6) | 3.5 (–0.9 to 8.0) | –1.1 (–7.9 to 5.7) | |
| Q4 (3.9-74.5) | 1.2 (–2.6 to 5.0) | 3.3 (–1.1 to 7.7) | –5.6 (–13.3 to 2.1) | |
| PFNA | Q1 (0.1-0.5) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) |
| Q2 (0.6-0.7) | –0.9 (–4.2 to 2.5) | –0.8 (–4.7 to 3.1) | 0.6 (–6.1 to 7.4) | |
| Q3 (0.8-0.9) | 1.1 (–2.8 to 5.1) | 3.0 (–1.7 to 7.7) | –0.4 (–8.1 to 7.2) | |
| Q4 (1.0-6) | 0.8 (–2.8 to 4.4) | 4.2 (–0.2 to 8.6) | –3.4 (–10.0 to 3.3) | |
| EtFOSAA | Q1 (0.1-0.7) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) |
| Q2 (0.8-1.2) | –1.9 (–5.4 to 1.7) | –0.8 (–5.1 to 3.4) | –6.2 (–13 to 0.6) | |
| Q3 (1.3-1.9) | 1.7 (–2.0 to 5.4) | 2.1 (–2.3 to 6.5) | –2.2 (–9.4 to 5.0) | |
| Q4 (1.9-33.6) | 0.4 (–3.4 to 4.1) | 0.0 (–4.5 to 4.4) | –1.5 (–8.8 to 5.9) | |
| MeFOSAA | Q1 (0.1-1.3) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) | 0 (Reference) |
| Q2 (1.4-1.9) | 5.8 (2.1 to 9.4) | 5.5 (1.0 to 10.0) | 4.5 (–2.2 to 11.2) | |
| Q3 (2.0-3.2) | 2.4 (–1.1 to 5.9) | 2.1 (–2.1 to 6.3) | 1.1 (–5.5 to 7.8) | |
| Q4 (3.3-29.7) | 2.7 (–1.0 to 6.4) | 2.3 (–2.0 to 6.6) | –1.4 (–8.9 to 6.0) | |
Cross-product interaction term P values: PFOS = .13, PFOA = .46, PFHxS = .005, PFNA = .06, EtFOSAA = .70, MeFOSAA = .93.
Abbreviations: EtFOSAA, 2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide) acetate; MeFOSAA, 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamide) acetate; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate.
aAdjusted for prepregnancy body mass index (continuous), prior history of gestational diabetes mellitus/parity, race/ethnicity, smoking, and education.
bAdditionally adjusted for maternal age (continuous).