Table 1.
Production Technique | Species | By-Products | Bioactive Compound | Extraction Method | Fractionation and Purification | Bioactivities | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solid Substrate Fermentation | Agaricus bisporus | Dried and powder caps and stipes | Chitin | Alkali treatment (2 M sodium hydroxide, 2 h at 100 °C); Oxalic solution treatment (1% w/v, 1 h at 100 °C); Alkali treatment (2 M sodium hydroxide, 2 h at 100 °C); Acidic treatment (2% acetic acid, 90 °C for 2 h). |
nd | Antimicrobial activity | [84] |
Dried and powder caps and stipes | Beta-glucan | Ultrasound-assisted extraction; precipitation with ethanol 80% (1:2 v/v, 1 h at room temperature). |
nd | nd | [18] | ||
Dried and powder stipes | Chitosan | Precipitation with 96% ethanol; Treatment with sodium metabisulfite; Treatment with alkali (2% sodium hydroxide, 56 °C for 2 h) NaOH added to the insoluble phase and treatment with hydrogen peroxide (final concentration 3%, stirring at 45 °C for 0.5 h); Treatment with sodium hydroxide (2 h at 104 °C); Treatment with hydrochloric acid. |
nd | Good film-forming properties with antimicrobial activity | [85] | ||
Dried and powder stipes | Chitin-glucan complex | Alkali treatment (1 M sodium hydroxide, 95 °C, reflux 30 min); Acidic treatment (2% acetic acid, 95 °C, reflux 6 h). |
nd | nd | [15] | ||
Flammulina velutipes | SMS | Polysaccharide | Hydrochloric acid extraction (0.5 M, 1:10, w/v), sodium hydroxide (0.5 M, 1:10, w/v) at 80 °C and snailase solution (4%, 1:4, w/v) at 37 °C for 6 h, respectively. After centrifugation (3600 r/min, 15 min), the supernatant was mixed with 3 volumes of ethanol (95%, v/v) at 4 °C overnight. | Sevag method | Antioxidant activity; hypoglycemic and renoprotective effects | [40] | |
F. velutipes | Dried and powder mycelium from SMS | Polysaccharide | Hot water extraction (1:20 w/v) for 8 h at 70–80 °C; Concentration in a rotary vapor. |
Sevag method; Dialysis; DEAE–Sephadex elution; Sephacryl S-400 column elution. |
Antitumor activity | [86] | |
Ganoderma lucidum | Dried and powder SMS | Polysaccharide | Water extraction (1:35 (v/w)); Precipitation (20 h). |
Sevag method; DEAE cellulose colum; Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography. | Antioxidant activity | [44] | |
Laetiporus sulphureus | Stipe | Lectin | Sodium chloride concentration, 0.50; liquid−solid ratio, 20:1 (mL/g); extraction temperature, 35 °C; extraction time, 20 h; and extraction pH, 7.5. |
Dialysis; DEAE-cellulose-52; HPGFC (High Performance Gel Filtration Chromatography) |
Agglutinating activity | [43] | |
Lentinus edodes | SMS | Lentinan | Hot water extraction (80 °C for 1 h); Ethanol precipitation (95%); Ethanol washing (75%). |
Sevag method; Dialysis (30 °C for 16 h). |
Antibacterial activity | [45] | |
L. edodes | Dried and powder SMS | Polysaccharide | Hot water extraction (1:20 (w/v), 100 °C, 100 min, repeated 3 times). | Deproteinization–combination of Sevag method and enzymatic hydrolysis (papain); Sephadex G-150 size exclusion chromatography. |
Antioxidant activity | [87] | |
Pleurotus eryngii | SMS | Heteropolysaccharide (mainly composed of xylose, glucose and arabinose) | Alkali treatment (0.5 M NaOH, 90 °C for 300 min); Ethanol precipitation (65%). |
Sevag method Dialysis (24 h at room temperature); Ethanol precipitation Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. |
Antioxidant activity | [41] | |
P. eryngii | Dried and powder mycelium from SMS and fruiting bodies | Polysaccharide | Precipitation with 85% ethanol; Ultrasonic extraction (70 °C, 140 min); Precipitation with ethanol (12 h, 4 °C). |
Dialysis; Ultrafiltration (membranes cut off of 100 KDa and 10 KDa). |
Antioxidant activity | [88] | |
P. eryngii | Dried and powder mycelium from SMS and fruiting bodies | Heteropolysaccharide (mainly composed of glucose) | Precipitation with 85% ethanol at room temperature for 12 h; Hot water extraction (70 °C for 140 min). |
Sevag method; Dialysis. |
Antitumor activity | [16] | |
Submerged Liquid Fermentation | Agaricus blazei | Fermentantion broth and mycelium | Polysaccharide | Hot water extraction (boiling, 1 h); Precipitation with 95% ethanol. |
DEAE column; Gel filtration; chromatography HW-65F column. |
nd | [89] |
Antrodia cinnamomea | Mycelium | Antrodan | Supercritical Fluid Extraction (reflux 3 times, 90 °C for 2 h); Hot alkali treatment (80 °C, 3 times for 2 h); Ethanol precipitation (95%). |
Gel Permeation Chromatography (Sephadex G-100 Column) | Anti-inflammatory activity | [90] | |
Coprinus comatus | Mycelium | Polysaccharide | Microwave for 3 min; Hot water extraction (1:2 w/v) for 4 h at 70 °C; Concentration in a rotary vapor. |
Sevag method; Dialysis in a DEAE cellulose bag; Precipitation with ethanol (48 h at 4 °C). |
Antioxidant activity | [91] | |
Grifola frondosa | Mycelium | Glycoprotein | Extraction with water (4 °C); Precipitation with 80% ammonium sulfate (overnight at 4 °C). |
Dialysis; DEAE-Sepharose. |
Antitumor activity | [92] | |
Hericium erinaceum | Mycelium | Polysaccharide (heteroglycan) | Hot water extraction (70 °C for 12 h); Precipitation with ethanol (80%). |
Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration; Ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex column). |
Antichronic atrophic gastritis activity | [93] | |
H. erinaceum | Mycelium | 12b-hydroxyverruculogen TR-2, fumitremorgin C and methylthiogliotoxin, two hetero-spirocyclic glactam alkaloids, pseurotin A and FD-838 and cerevisterol and herierin IV | Ultrasound assisted extraction with ethyl acetate. | Column chromatography over silica gel Sephadex LH-20; reversed-phase silica gel column chromatography; preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC). |
Antioxidant and antifungal activities | [94] | |
Inonotus obliquus | Fermentation broth and mycelium | Polysaccharide | Fermentation broth:Extraction with 95% (v/v) ethanol (4 °C, overnight); Treatment with Neutrase (3% w/w, 42 °C for 3 h). Mycelium: Hot water extraction (3 h at 121 °C); Ethanol precipitation. |
Sevag method; Dialysis; DEAE-52 chromatography; Sephadex G-200 chromatography. |
Antioxidant and immunomodulator properties | [95] | |
I. obliquus | Fermentation broth and mycelium | Polysaccharide | Fermentation broth: Ethanol precipitation (95%, overnight at 4 °C). Mycelium:Hot water extraction (3 h in an autoclave at 121 °C); Ethanol precipitation. |
Fermentation broth: Sevag Method. Mycelium: Dialysis. |
Antioxidant activity | [96] | |
Lentinus squarrosulus | Fermentation broth and dried mycelium powder | Polysaccharide | Ethanol precipitation; Cold water extraction (3 h at room temperature); Hot water extraction (3 h at 100 °C). |
nd | Antitumor and antioxidant activities | [97] | |
Morchella conica | Fermentation broth | Exopolysaccharides | Centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 20 min from the culture; Sevag method;95% ethanol precipitation. |
Dialysis; DEAE-Cellulose 52 anion-exchange chromatography column. |
Immunomodulatory activity | [98] | |
P. ostreatus | Mycelium | Proteoglycan | Phosphate-buffered saline treatment and centrifugation (8000 rpm for 15 min); Ethanol precipitation. |
Dialysis; Anion exchanger column (DEAE-Sephadex); Cation exchanger column (CM-Sephadex); Gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-100) |
Antitumor activity | [99] | |
Pleurotus tuber-regium | Mycelium | Polysaccharide | Hot water extraction (100 °C for 3 h); Ultrasound assisted extraction (2 h). |
Dialysis (2 days) | Antitumor activity | [100] | |
Schizophyllum commune | Fermentation broth | Exopolysaccharide | Absolute ethanol precipitation. | Sevag method; DEAE-52 column; Dialysis; Sephadex G-150 column. |
Anti-inflammatory activity | [101] | |
Trametes versicolor | Fermentation broth | Tramesan (Exopolysaccharide) | Precipitation with ethanol; Treatment with pronase E (16 h at 37 °C). |
Dialysis; Low pressure size exclusion chromatography on a Sephacryl S-300 column. |
Antioxidant activity | [102] | |
Tremella fuciformis | Fermentation broth | Exopolysaccharides | Absolute ethanol precipitation | nd | nd | [103] | |
Xylaria nigripes | Fermentation broth | Polysaccharide | Gradient ethanol precipitation (40%, 50% and 80%, 4 °C, overnight) | nd | Antioxidant activity | [104] |
nd—not determined.