Skip to main content
. 2020 Jun 9;25(11):2672. doi: 10.3390/molecules25112672

Table 1.

Extraction methods of polysaccharides and glycoproteins from by-products obtained by solid substrate fermentation and submerged liquid fermentation.

Production Technique Species By-Products Bioactive Compound Extraction Method Fractionation and Purification Bioactivities Reference
Solid Substrate Fermentation Agaricus bisporus Dried and powder caps and stipes Chitin Alkali treatment (2 M sodium hydroxide, 2 h at 100 °C);
Oxalic solution treatment (1% w/v, 1 h at 100 °C);
Alkali treatment (2 M sodium hydroxide, 2 h at 100 °C);
Acidic treatment (2% acetic acid, 90 °C for 2 h).
nd Antimicrobial activity [84]
Dried and powder caps and stipes Beta-glucan Ultrasound-assisted extraction;
precipitation with ethanol 80% (1:2 v/v, 1 h at room temperature).
nd nd [18]
Dried and powder stipes Chitosan Precipitation with 96% ethanol;
Treatment with sodium metabisulfite;
Treatment with alkali (2% sodium hydroxide, 56 °C for 2 h)
NaOH added to the insoluble phase and treatment with hydrogen peroxide (final concentration 3%, stirring at 45 °C for 0.5 h);
Treatment with sodium hydroxide (2 h at 104 °C);
Treatment with hydrochloric acid.
nd Good film-forming properties with antimicrobial activity [85]
Dried and powder stipes Chitin-glucan complex Alkali treatment (1 M sodium hydroxide, 95 °C, reflux 30 min);
Acidic treatment (2% acetic acid, 95 °C, reflux 6 h).
nd nd [15]
Flammulina velutipes SMS Polysaccharide Hydrochloric acid extraction (0.5 M, 1:10, w/v), sodium hydroxide (0.5 M, 1:10, w/v) at 80 °C and snailase solution (4%, 1:4, w/v) at 37 °C for 6 h, respectively. After centrifugation (3600 r/min, 15 min), the supernatant was mixed with 3 volumes of ethanol (95%, v/v) at 4 °C overnight. Sevag method Antioxidant activity; hypoglycemic and renoprotective effects [40]
F. velutipes Dried and powder mycelium from SMS Polysaccharide Hot water extraction (1:20 w/v) for 8 h at 70–80 °C;
Concentration in a rotary vapor.
Sevag method; Dialysis;
DEAE–Sephadex elution; Sephacryl S-400 column elution.
Antitumor activity [86]
Ganoderma lucidum Dried and powder SMS Polysaccharide Water extraction (1:35 (v/w));
Precipitation (20 h).
Sevag method; DEAE cellulose colum; Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography. Antioxidant activity [44]
Laetiporus sulphureus Stipe Lectin Sodium chloride concentration, 0.50; liquid−solid
ratio, 20:1 (mL/g); extraction temperature, 35 °C; extraction time, 20 h;
and extraction pH, 7.5.
Dialysis;
DEAE-cellulose-52;
HPGFC (High Performance Gel Filtration Chromatography)
Agglutinating activity [43]
Lentinus edodes SMS Lentinan Hot water extraction (80 °C for 1 h);
Ethanol precipitation (95%);
Ethanol washing (75%).
Sevag method;
Dialysis (30 °C for 16 h).
Antibacterial activity [45]
L. edodes Dried and powder SMS Polysaccharide Hot water extraction (1:20 (w/v), 100 °C, 100 min, repeated 3 times). Deproteinization–combination of Sevag method and enzymatic hydrolysis (papain);
Sephadex G-150 size exclusion chromatography.
Antioxidant activity [87]
Pleurotus eryngii SMS Heteropolysaccharide (mainly composed of xylose, glucose and arabinose) Alkali treatment (0.5 M NaOH, 90 °C for 300 min);
Ethanol precipitation (65%).
Sevag method
Dialysis (24 h at room temperature);
Ethanol precipitation
Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography.
Antioxidant activity [41]
P. eryngii Dried and powder mycelium from SMS and fruiting bodies Polysaccharide Precipitation with 85% ethanol;
Ultrasonic extraction (70 °C, 140 min);
Precipitation with ethanol (12 h, 4 °C).
Dialysis;
Ultrafiltration (membranes cut off of 100 KDa and 10 KDa).
Antioxidant activity [88]
P. eryngii Dried and powder mycelium from SMS and fruiting bodies Heteropolysaccharide (mainly composed of glucose) Precipitation with 85% ethanol at room temperature for 12 h;
Hot water extraction (70 °C for 140 min).
Sevag method;
Dialysis.
Antitumor activity [16]
Submerged Liquid Fermentation Agaricus blazei Fermentantion broth and mycelium Polysaccharide Hot water extraction (boiling, 1 h);
Precipitation with 95% ethanol.
DEAE column;
Gel filtration;
chromatography HW-65F column.
nd [89]
Antrodia cinnamomea Mycelium Antrodan Supercritical Fluid Extraction (reflux 3 times, 90 °C for 2 h);
Hot alkali treatment (80 °C, 3 times for 2 h);
Ethanol precipitation (95%).
Gel Permeation Chromatography (Sephadex G-100 Column) Anti-inflammatory activity [90]
Coprinus comatus Mycelium Polysaccharide Microwave for 3 min; Hot water extraction (1:2 w/v) for 4 h at 70 °C;
Concentration in a rotary vapor.
Sevag method;
Dialysis in a DEAE cellulose bag;
Precipitation with ethanol (48 h at 4 °C).
Antioxidant activity [91]
Grifola frondosa Mycelium Glycoprotein Extraction with water (4 °C);
Precipitation with 80% ammonium sulfate (overnight at 4 °C).
Dialysis;
DEAE-Sepharose.
Antitumor activity [92]
Hericium erinaceum Mycelium Polysaccharide (heteroglycan) Hot water extraction (70 °C for 12 h);
Precipitation with ethanol (80%).
Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration;
Ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex column).
Antichronic atrophic gastritis activity [93]
H. erinaceum Mycelium 12b-hydroxyverruculogen TR-2, fumitremorgin C and methylthiogliotoxin, two hetero-spirocyclic glactam alkaloids, pseurotin A and FD-838 and cerevisterol and herierin IV Ultrasound assisted extraction with ethyl acetate. Column chromatography over silica gel
Sephadex LH-20;
reversed-phase silica gel column chromatography;
preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC).
Antioxidant and antifungal activities [94]
Inonotus obliquus Fermentation broth and mycelium Polysaccharide Fermentation broth:Extraction with 95% (v/v) ethanol (4 °C, overnight);
Treatment with Neutrase (3% w/w, 42 °C for 3 h).
Mycelium:
Hot water extraction (3 h at 121 °C);
Ethanol precipitation.
Sevag method;
Dialysis;
DEAE-52 chromatography;
Sephadex G-200 chromatography.
Antioxidant and immunomodulator properties [95]
I. obliquus Fermentation broth and mycelium Polysaccharide Fermentation broth:
Ethanol precipitation (95%, overnight at 4 °C).
Mycelium:Hot water extraction (3 h in an autoclave at 121 °C);
Ethanol precipitation.
Fermentation broth:
Sevag Method.
Mycelium:
Dialysis.
Antioxidant activity [96]
Lentinus squarrosulus Fermentation broth and dried mycelium powder Polysaccharide Ethanol precipitation;
Cold water extraction (3 h at room temperature);
Hot water extraction (3 h at 100 °C).
nd Antitumor and antioxidant activities [97]
Morchella conica Fermentation broth Exopolysaccharides Centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 20 min from the culture;
Sevag method;95% ethanol precipitation.
Dialysis;
DEAE-Cellulose 52 anion-exchange chromatography column.
Immunomodulatory activity [98]
P. ostreatus Mycelium Proteoglycan Phosphate-buffered saline treatment and centrifugation (8000 rpm for 15 min);
Ethanol precipitation.
Dialysis;
Anion exchanger column (DEAE-Sephadex);
Cation exchanger column (CM-Sephadex); Gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-100)
Antitumor activity [99]
Pleurotus tuber-regium Mycelium Polysaccharide Hot water extraction (100 °C for 3 h);
Ultrasound assisted extraction (2 h).
Dialysis (2 days) Antitumor activity [100]
Schizophyllum commune Fermentation broth Exopolysaccharide Absolute ethanol precipitation. Sevag method;
DEAE-52 column;
Dialysis;
Sephadex G-150 column.
Anti-inflammatory activity [101]
Trametes versicolor Fermentation broth Tramesan (Exopolysaccharide) Precipitation with ethanol;
Treatment with pronase E (16 h at 37 °C).
Dialysis;
Low pressure size exclusion chromatography on a Sephacryl S-300 column.
Antioxidant activity [102]
Tremella fuciformis Fermentation broth Exopolysaccharides Absolute ethanol precipitation nd nd [103]
Xylaria nigripes Fermentation broth Polysaccharide Gradient ethanol precipitation (40%, 50% and 80%, 4 °C, overnight) nd Antioxidant activity [104]

nd—not determined.