Table 1.

Extraction methods of polysaccharides and glycoproteins from by-products obtained by solid substrate fermentation and submerged liquid fermentation.

Production Technique	Species	By-Products	Bioactive Compound	Extraction Method	Fractionation and Purification	Bioactivities	Reference
Solid Substrate Fermentation	Agaricus bisporus	Dried and powder caps and stipes	Chitin	Alkali treatment (2 M sodium hydroxide, 2 h at 100 °C); Oxalic solution treatment (1% w/v, 1 h at 100 °C); Alkali treatment (2 M sodium hydroxide, 2 h at 100 °C); Acidic treatment (2% acetic acid, 90 °C for 2 h).	nd	Antimicrobial activity	[84]
		Dried and powder caps and stipes	Beta-glucan	Ultrasound-assisted extraction; precipitation with ethanol 80% (1:2 v/v, 1 h at room temperature).	nd	nd	[18]
		Dried and powder stipes	Chitosan	Precipitation with 96% ethanol; Treatment with sodium metabisulfite; Treatment with alkali (2% sodium hydroxide, 56 °C for 2 h) NaOH added to the insoluble phase and treatment with hydrogen peroxide (final concentration 3%, stirring at 45 °C for 0.5 h); Treatment with sodium hydroxide (2 h at 104 °C); Treatment with hydrochloric acid.	nd	Good film-forming properties with antimicrobial activity	[85]
		Dried and powder stipes	Chitin-glucan complex	Alkali treatment (1 M sodium hydroxide, 95 °C, reflux 30 min); Acidic treatment (2% acetic acid, 95 °C, reflux 6 h).	nd	nd	[15]
	Flammulina velutipes	SMS	Polysaccharide	Hydrochloric acid extraction (0.5 M, 1:10, w/v), sodium hydroxide (0.5 M, 1:10, w/v) at 80 °C and snailase solution (4%, 1:4, w/v) at 37 °C for 6 h, respectively. After centrifugation (3600 r/min, 15 min), the supernatant was mixed with 3 volumes of ethanol (95%, v/v) at 4 °C overnight.	Sevag method	Antioxidant activity; hypoglycemic and renoprotective effects	[40]
	F. velutipes	Dried and powder mycelium from SMS	Polysaccharide	Hot water extraction (1:20 w/v) for 8 h at 70–80 °C; Concentration in a rotary vapor.	Sevag method; Dialysis; DEAE–Sephadex elution; Sephacryl S-400 column elution.	Antitumor activity	[86]
	Ganoderma lucidum	Dried and powder SMS	Polysaccharide	Water extraction (1:35 (v/w)); Precipitation (20 h).	Sevag method; DEAE cellulose colum; Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography.	Antioxidant activity	[44]
	Laetiporus sulphureus	Stipe	Lectin	Sodium chloride concentration, 0.50; liquid−solid ratio, 20:1 (mL/g); extraction temperature, 35 °C; extraction time, 20 h; and extraction pH, 7.5.	Dialysis; DEAE-cellulose-52; HPGFC (High Performance Gel Filtration Chromatography)	Agglutinating activity	[43]
	Lentinus edodes	SMS	Lentinan	Hot water extraction (80 °C for 1 h); Ethanol precipitation (95%); Ethanol washing (75%).	Sevag method; Dialysis (30 °C for 16 h).	Antibacterial activity	[45]
	L. edodes	Dried and powder SMS	Polysaccharide	Hot water extraction (1:20 (w/v), 100 °C, 100 min, repeated 3 times).	Deproteinization–combination of Sevag method and enzymatic hydrolysis (papain); Sephadex G-150 size exclusion chromatography.	Antioxidant activity	[87]
	Pleurotus eryngii	SMS	Heteropolysaccharide (mainly composed of xylose, glucose and arabinose)	Alkali treatment (0.5 M NaOH, 90 °C for 300 min); Ethanol precipitation (65%).	Sevag method Dialysis (24 h at room temperature); Ethanol precipitation Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography.	Antioxidant activity	[41]
	P. eryngii	Dried and powder mycelium from SMS and fruiting bodies	Polysaccharide	Precipitation with 85% ethanol; Ultrasonic extraction (70 °C, 140 min); Precipitation with ethanol (12 h, 4 °C).	Dialysis; Ultrafiltration (membranes cut off of 100 KDa and 10 KDa).	Antioxidant activity	[88]
	P. eryngii	Dried and powder mycelium from SMS and fruiting bodies	Heteropolysaccharide (mainly composed of glucose)	Precipitation with 85% ethanol at room temperature for 12 h; Hot water extraction (70 °C for 140 min).	Sevag method; Dialysis.	Antitumor activity	[16]
Submerged Liquid Fermentation	Agaricus blazei	Fermentantion broth and mycelium	Polysaccharide	Hot water extraction (boiling, 1 h); Precipitation with 95% ethanol.	DEAE column; Gel filtration; chromatography HW-65F column.	nd	[89]
	Antrodia cinnamomea	Mycelium	Antrodan	Supercritical Fluid Extraction (reflux 3 times, 90 °C for 2 h); Hot alkali treatment (80 °C, 3 times for 2 h); Ethanol precipitation (95%).	Gel Permeation Chromatography (Sephadex G-100 Column)	Anti-inflammatory activity	[90]
	Coprinus comatus	Mycelium	Polysaccharide	Microwave for 3 min; Hot water extraction (1:2 w/v) for 4 h at 70 °C; Concentration in a rotary vapor.	Sevag method; Dialysis in a DEAE cellulose bag; Precipitation with ethanol (48 h at 4 °C).	Antioxidant activity	[91]
	Grifola frondosa	Mycelium	Glycoprotein	Extraction with water (4 °C); Precipitation with 80% ammonium sulfate (overnight at 4 °C).	Dialysis; DEAE-Sepharose.	Antitumor activity	[92]
	Hericium erinaceum	Mycelium	Polysaccharide (heteroglycan)	Hot water extraction (70 °C for 12 h); Precipitation with ethanol (80%).	Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration; Ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex column).	Antichronic atrophic gastritis activity	[93]
	H. erinaceum	Mycelium	12b-hydroxyverruculogen TR-2, fumitremorgin C and methylthiogliotoxin, two hetero-spirocyclic glactam alkaloids, pseurotin A and FD-838 and cerevisterol and herierin IV	Ultrasound assisted extraction with ethyl acetate.	Column chromatography over silica gel Sephadex LH-20; reversed-phase silica gel column chromatography; preparative thin-layer chromatography (PTLC).	Antioxidant and antifungal activities	[94]
	Inonotus obliquus	Fermentation broth and mycelium	Polysaccharide	Fermentation broth:Extraction with 95% (v/v) ethanol (4 °C, overnight); Treatment with Neutrase (3% w/w, 42 °C for 3 h). Mycelium: Hot water extraction (3 h at 121 °C); Ethanol precipitation.	Sevag method; Dialysis; DEAE-52 chromatography; Sephadex G-200 chromatography.	Antioxidant and immunomodulator properties	[95]
	I. obliquus	Fermentation broth and mycelium	Polysaccharide	Fermentation broth: Ethanol precipitation (95%, overnight at 4 °C). Mycelium:Hot water extraction (3 h in an autoclave at 121 °C); Ethanol precipitation.	Fermentation broth: Sevag Method. Mycelium: Dialysis.	Antioxidant activity	[96]
	Lentinus squarrosulus	Fermentation broth and dried mycelium powder	Polysaccharide	Ethanol precipitation; Cold water extraction (3 h at room temperature); Hot water extraction (3 h at 100 °C).	nd	Antitumor and antioxidant activities	[97]
	Morchella conica	Fermentation broth	Exopolysaccharides	Centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 20 min from the culture; Sevag method;95% ethanol precipitation.	Dialysis; DEAE-Cellulose 52 anion-exchange chromatography column.	Immunomodulatory activity	[98]
	P. ostreatus	Mycelium	Proteoglycan	Phosphate-buffered saline treatment and centrifugation (8000 rpm for 15 min); Ethanol precipitation.	Dialysis; Anion exchanger column (DEAE-Sephadex); Cation exchanger column (CM-Sephadex); Gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-100)	Antitumor activity	[99]
	Pleurotus tuber-regium	Mycelium	Polysaccharide	Hot water extraction (100 °C for 3 h); Ultrasound assisted extraction (2 h).	Dialysis (2 days)	Antitumor activity	[100]
	Schizophyllum commune	Fermentation broth	Exopolysaccharide	Absolute ethanol precipitation.	Sevag method; DEAE-52 column; Dialysis; Sephadex G-150 column.	Anti-inflammatory activity	[101]
	Trametes versicolor	Fermentation broth	Tramesan (Exopolysaccharide)	Precipitation with ethanol; Treatment with pronase E (16 h at 37 °C).	Dialysis; Low pressure size exclusion chromatography on a Sephacryl S-300 column.	Antioxidant activity	[102]
	Tremella fuciformis	Fermentation broth	Exopolysaccharides	Absolute ethanol precipitation	nd	nd	[103]
	Xylaria nigripes	Fermentation broth	Polysaccharide	Gradient ethanol precipitation (40%, 50% and 80%, 4 °C, overnight)	nd	Antioxidant activity	[104]

nd—not determined.