Table 3.

Other bioactives and related metabolites obtained from mushroom by-products.

Part A—Triterpenes and Steroidal Compounds Obtained from Mushroom By-Products
Production Technique	Species	By-Products	Bioactive Compound	Extraction Method	Fractionation and Purification	Bioactivity	Reference
Submerged Liquid Fermentation	I. obliquus	mycelia	betulin, ergosterol, cholesterol, lanosterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol	Ultrasonic extraction with methanol for 2 h.	nd	nd	[122]
	I. obliquus	dry matter culture broth	Ergosterol, cholesterol, lanosterol and β-sitosterol	Extracted with 80% ethanol at room temperature overnight.	nd	In vivo antioxidantAnti-cholesteremic	[123]
	I. obliquus	Fermentation Broth, Mycelia	(22E)-stigmasta-7,22,25-trien-3-yl acetate, (3β)-olean-12-en-3-yl-(4hydroxyphenyl) propanoate, ligudentatol,	Extraction with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol three times for 12 h at room temperature	Fractionated on a silica gel column yielding four fractions further separated using a Sephadex LH-20 column	Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitory activity	[124]
Solid Substrate Fermentation	A. bisporus	Fruiting body	Ergosterol	Microwave-assisted extraction with ethanol at 19.4 ± 2.9 min,132.8 ± 12.4 °C and 1.6 ± 0.5 g/L	nd	nd	[125]
	I. obliquus	sclerotia	lanosterol, 3β-hydroxy-lanosta-8,24-diene-21-al, inotodiol, ergosterol peroxide and trametenolic acid	Extracted three times with ethanol at 78 °C. The ethanol extract was fractionated using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as solvents.	nd	Anti-hyperglycemic α-amylase inhibitory activity DPPH radical scavenging effect	[126]
	I. obliquus	sclerotia	inonotusanes A, B and C, 3β-hydroxy-25,26,27-trinorlanosta-8,22E-dien-24-oic acid (4), lupanes and oleanane-type triterpene	Extracted under reflux with 95% EtOH for 1 h, further extracted with petroleum ether, EtOAc and n-BuOH	Silica gel Column chromatography [petroleum ether-EtOAc (25:1 to 1:1) and then MeOH] to obtain different fractions	Antitumor and cytotoxicity	[127]
	Lignosus rhinocerotis	Mycelium and sclerotium	Ergosterol Ergosta-4,7,22-trien-3b-ol	Extraction in 80% (v/v) methanol for 3 Days	nd	Antitumor and cytotoxicity	[128]
Part B—Enzymes obtained from mushroom by-products
Mushroom Production Technique	Mushroom Specie	By-Product	Bioactive Compound	Extraction Method		Reference
Solid Substrate Fermentation	A. bisporus	SMS	Lignocellulose-degrading enzymes	Treatment with five different solutions: distilled water, quarter-strength Ringer solution, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and potassium phosphate buffer. Incubation at 37 °C for 1 h with shaking before being clarified by centrifugation.		[129]
	Flammulina velutipes, P. eryngii, Lentinula edodes, P. ostreatus and Pleurotus sp.	SMS	Cellulose-degrading enzymes: Cellulases, β-glucosidase, dextranase, amylase and laccase	Samples of the compost (wet weight) were mixed with distilled water (1:10 w/v). Incubation at 30 °C for 1 h with shaking at 180 rpm, filtrated through gauze and centrifuged at 10000× g at 4 °C for 100 min.		[3]
	Pleurotus spp.	SMS	Lignocellulolytic Enzymes	Extracellular enzymes were extracted using four solutions from P. ostreatus SMS: tap water, distilled water, 50 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.5) and 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). The SMS-buffer mixtures were incubated with shaking at 200 rpm for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 or 12 h at 4 °C or 20 °C. Each sample was filtered through miracloth (pore size: 22~25 µm) and then centrifuged at 10,000× g at 4 °C for 15 min.		[4]
	A. bisporus, P. eryngii, P. ostreatus and C. comatus	SMS	Laccase	Extraction with Buffer A, which contained 0.1 M sodium acetate, 5 mM calcium chloride, 0.05% Tween80 and 1% polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, on rotary shaker (180 rpm, 25 °C) for 1 h. The aqueous suspensions were centrifuged (11,000× g, 30 min) and the supernatants were used		[130]
	Agaricus bisporus	SMS	Laccase	The residual compost (2.0 g) was mixed with distilled water (3.0 mL). The resulting mixture was kept at 4 °C for 24 h. The solid phase was recovered and pressed manually to increase the amount of liquid phase obtained. Liquid phase was passed through a mesh (0.8 mm) and centrifuged (10,000× g).		[131]
	P. ostreatus, Lentinula edodes, Flammulina velutipes and Hericium erinaceum	SMS	α-amylase, cellulase, β-glucosidase, laccase and xylanase	Suspension in 100 mL of 6 solutions: 1% (w/v) NaCl, 0.1 mol/L phosphate, 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100, 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer supplemented with 10% (v/v) glycerol, 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer supplemented with 0.25% (v/v) Triton X-100, and tap water. Incubation at room temperature for 1 h and centrifugation at 10,000× g for 5 min. In the case of using tap water, the four SMS samples were suspended in 100 mL and blended with a blender for 3 min until the suspensions were homogeneous. Filtration and incubation at room temperature for 1 h before centrifugation.		[132]
Submerged Liquid Fermentation	Cordyceps militaris	Submerged culture supernatant	Fibrinolytic enzymes	After fermentation, the broth was centrifuged at 9700× g for 10 min.		[133]

nd—not determined.