Table 1.
Beer phenolic composition of prenylated flavonoids, simple phenols tyrosol (TYR) and hydroxytyrosol (HT) and alkylresorcinols (ARs) according to beer type (ale vs. lagers vs. free).
| Compound | All Beers | Type | p a | p b | p c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ale | Lager | Non-Alcoholic | |||||
| IX (mg/L) | 0.34 (0.41) | 0.42 (0.54) | 0.33 (0.31) | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.76 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
| XN (mg/L) | 0.17 (0.87) | 0.39 (1.38) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.98 | 0.55 | 0.55 |
| 8PN (mg/L) | 0.03 (0.10) | 0.06 (0.15) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.78 | 0.55 | 0.49 |
| 6PN (mg/L) | 0.08 (0.34) | 0.17 (0.53) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.84 | 0.50 | 0.57 |
| Total PN (mg/L) | 0.62 (1.51) | 1.04 (2.33) | 0.40 (0.37) | 0.11 (0.98) | 0.80 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
| TYR (mg/L) | 11.45 (10.55) | 13.53 (12.94) | 11.58 (8.75) | 3.38 (2.60) | 0.87 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| HT (mg/L) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Total simple phenols (mg/L) | 11.5 (10.5) | 13.6 (12.9) | 11.6 (8.8) | 3.4 (2.6) | 0.90 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| AR-C17:0 (µg/L) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.70 |
| AR-C19:0 (µg/L) | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.13 (0.20) | 0.03 (0.07) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
| AR-C21:0 (µg/L) | 0.19 (0.40) | 0.39 (0.55) | 0.07 (0.18) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.23 | 0.50 | 0.91 |
| AR-C23:0 (µg/L) | 0.17 (0.36) | 0.30 (0.49) | 0.09 (0.21) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.27 | 0.45 | 0.68 |
| AR-C25:0 (µg/L) | 0.58 (1.19) | 1.04 (1.69) | 0.31 (0.59) | 0.15 (0.11) | 0.34 | 0.58 | 0.83 |
| Total ARs (µg/L) | 1.01 (2.03) | 1.87 (2.84) | 0.50 (1.04) | 0.2 (0.15) | 0.25 | 0.58 | 0.93 |
Results shown as mean (SD); p = p-value from Kruskal-Wallis test, comparing (a) ales vs. lagers; (b) non-alcoholic vs. ales; (c) non-alcoholic vs. lagers. Bold values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level. Standard deviation (SD). Tyrosol (TYR). Hydroxytyrosol (HT). Alkylresorcinols (ARs). Sum of AR-C17:0, AR-C19:0, AR-C21:0, AR-C23:0, AR-C25:0 (total AR). Xanthohumol (XN). Isoxanthohumol (IX). 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN). 6-prenylnaringenin (6PN). Sum of XN, IX, 8PN and 6PN (total PN).