Table 4.

Bioethanol concentration obtained in this study and the results reported by literature.

Raw Material	Pretreatment Conditions	Concentration of Ethanol	Reference
Vine pruning residue (from Portugal)	Autohydrolysis I two stages: (a) 180 °C, 60 min 6:1 (solid:liquid ratio) and (b) 180–200 °C, 30–40 min-SSF process	13.1 kg ethanol 100 kg−1 vine punning	[30]
Vineyard pruning (from Italy)	Alkaline pretreatment (NaOH), enzymatic hydrolysis	202 g glucose kg−1 of raw material	[42]
Grape stalks (from Bonarda and Barbera red cultivars, Italy)	Autohydrolysis 121 °C, acid hydrolysis with 2% H2SO4 and fermentation with Debaryomyces nepalensis NCYC 1026	20.84 g L−1 ethanol (0.35 g g−1 monomeric sugars)	[43]
Hornbeam wood (Ostrya carpinifolia)	Steam explosion (230 °C, 28 bar),	25 L ton−1 dry material	[44]
Vine-shoot waste (from Romania)	Autohydrolysis (150, 165, 180 °C), delignification with sodium chlorite, SSF process	3.0–6.0 kg ethanol 100 kg−1 vine shoot waste	This study