| ED | Electrodialysis |
| PEF | Pulsed electric field |
| CEF | Conventional electric field |
| AEM | Anion exchange membrane |
| CEM | Cation exchange membrane |
| CAEM | Anion exchange membranes under conventional electric field conditions |
| PAEM | Anion exchange membranes under pulsed electric field conditions |
| CCEM | Cation exchange membranes under conventional electric field conditions |
| PCEM | Cation exchange membranes under pulsed electric field conditions |
| SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
| IEC | Ion exchange capacity |
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