Table 4.

Changes in biochemical parameters in response to the surgical bone defect and graphene dental materials treatment.

Parameters	Control Group	Sham Surgery	LC1 Group	GZ2 Group
Creatinine	0.46 ± 0.10	0.39 ± 0.03	0.41 ± 0.18	0.49 ± 0.19
Urea	18.96 ± 2.51	19.84 ± 3.93	19.68 ± 3.32	18.98 ± 4.20
ALT	43.14 ± 3.13	45.62 ± 3.17	40.24 ± 10.01	43.7 ± 9.46
AST	173.56 ± 28.73	153.92 ± 32.80	110.38 ± 28.48 **	129.7 ± 33.51
ALP	133.46 ± 35.3	357.08 ± 132.9 **	302.3 ± 41.09 **	303.96 ± 58.26 **
CK	227.8 ± 50.9	287.12 ± 134.1	208.78 ± 54.63	190.24 ± 41.28
Ca	10.42 ± 0.51	13.22 ± 2.19	15.52 ± 0.46 ***	14.18 ± 2.36 *
P	7.16 ± 0.58	6.72 ± 0.80	6 ± 0.29 *	5.74 ± 0.35 **

The variation of the kidney parameters (Urea, Creatinine), liver enzymes (Alanine Aminotransferase -ALT, Aspartate Aminotransferase-AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Creatine Kinase (CK), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) in the experimental groups. Physiological values: urea 13.2–27.1 mg/dl, creatinine 0.2–0.6 mg/dl, ALT: 16–48 U/l, AST: 65–203 U/l, ALP: 26–147 U/l, CK: 163–1085 U/l, Ca: 9.7–11.2 mg/dl, P: 5.58–10.7 mg/dl, (Mean ± SD) (one-way ANOVA test, post-test Dunnett, n = 5), * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 in comparison to the control group. LC1-dental cement group, GZ2-restorative dental composite group.