Table 3.
Comparison of clinical characteristics between patients with and without new-onset diabetes and new-onset pre-diabetes
| New-onset diabetesa | P value | New-onset pre-diabetesb | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 200) | Yes (n = 29) | No (n = 84)c | Yes (n = 58) | |||
| Age (yr) | 48.6 (34.7-61.8) | 57.6 (43.5-67.0) | 0.03 | 46.4 (33.4-58.4) | 49.1 (33.2-65.0) | 0.37 |
| Male | 89 (44.5) | 14 (48.3) | 0.70 | 31 (36.9) | 26 (44.8) | 0.34 |
| Hypertension | 116 (58.0) | 17 (58.6) | 0.95 | 48 (57.1) | 29 (50.0) | 0.40 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 129 (116-140) | 134 (120-140) | 0.09 | 125 (114-140) | 124 (110-140) | 0.74 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 70 (67-80) | 74 (68-82) | 0.42 | 71 (62-80) | 70 (63-80) | 0.19 |
| Dyslipidemia | 54 (27.0) | 12 (41.1) | 0.11 | 22 (26.2) | 16 (27.6) | 0.85 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.30 (0.85-2.50) | 1.57 (1.11-2.50) | 0.18 | 1.11 (0.75-1.96) | 1.18 (0.84-1.97) | 0.92 |
| eGFR < 60 (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 112 (56.0) | 21 (72.4) | 0.09 | 42 (50.0) | 32 (55.2) | 0.54 |
| Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (g/g) | 4.3 (2.0-8.4) | 6.9 (3.0-10.2) | 0.05 | 4.2 (2.0-8.2) | 5.7 (2.1-9.3) | 0.32 |
| Fasting glucose at baseline (mg/dL) | 92 (85-99) | 99 (92-104) | 0.008 | 86 (81-92) | 90 (85-95) | 0.09 |
| HbA1c at baseline (%) | 5.4 (5.1-5.7) | 5.6 (5.0-5.9) | 0.23 | 5.2 (4.9-5.4) | 5.2 (4.9-5.5) | 0.56 |
| Pre-diabetes at baseline | 58 (29.0) | 16 (55.2) | 0.005 | - | - | - |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.7 (1.1-2.4) | 1.9 (1.3-2.4) | 0.23 | 1.6 (0.9-2.2) | 1.7 (1.1-2.5) | 0.43 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.9 (2.8-6.4) | 4.4 (2.8-5.9) | 0.69 | 3.8 (2.6-5.8) | 4.2 (3.4-4.8) | 0.18 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.1-1.8) | 1.2 (1.0-1.4) | 0.06 | 1.4 (1.1-1.8) | 1.3 (1.1-1.9) | 0.61 |
| Triglyceride/HDL-C ratio | 1.3 (0.7-1.9) | 1.6 (1.1-2.4) | 0.03 | 1.0 (0.6-1.7) | 1.2 (0.7-1.9) | 0.32 |
| Prednisolone | 133 (66.5) | 23 (79.3) | 0.16 | 56 (66.7) | 43 (74.1) | 0.34 |
| Prednisolone peak daily dose (mg per day) | 50 (30-60) | 40 (30-60) | 0.38 | 42 (30-60) | 50 (30-60) | 0.46 |
| Methylprednisolone | 21 (10.5) | 9 (31.0) | 0.006 | 7 (8.3) | 6 (10.3) | 0.68 |
| Calcineurin inhibitor | 29 (14.5) | 6 (20.7) | 0.41 | 17 (20.2) | 8 (13.8) | 0.32 |
| Mycophenolate mofetil or sodium | 50 (25.0) | 8 (27.6) | 0.76 | 21 (25.0) | 20 (34.5) | 0.22 |
Categorical variables are expressed as number (%) and compared using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range) and compared using the Mann-Whitney U test.
BP, blood pressure; CKD EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated using the CKD EPI formula; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Diabetes was present when fasting venous glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL for 2 or more readings, HbA1c was ≥ 6.5%, or if the patient required anti-diabetic medications during follow-up. bAnalysis for new-onset pre-diabetes after excluding patients with baseline pre-diabetes and those who developed new-onset diabetes. cPatients who did not develop new onset-prediabetes were normoglycemic at baseline and remained normoglycemic during treatment and follow-up.