Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study groups according to dynamic metabolic syndrome status
| Variablea | MetS-free (n = 4,537,869) | MetS-recovery (n = 304,540) | MetS-developed (n = 438,287) | MetS-chronic (n = 1,034,605) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 43.5 ± 12.2 | 50.4 ± 12.1 | 51.9 ± 12.1 | 56.0 ± 11.6 |
| 20-39 | 1,783,874 (39.3) | 60,157 (19.8) | 74,950 (17.1) | 96,080 (9.3) |
| 40-59 | 2,282,702 (50.3) | 174,054 (57.2) | 243,800 (55.6) | 520,425 (50.3) |
| 60-79 | 458,331 (10.1) | 68,094 (22.4) | 116,330 (26.5) | 405,349 (39.2) |
| ≥ 80 | 12,962 (0.3) | 2,235 (0.7) | 3,207 (0.7) | 12,751 (1.2) |
| Sex (male) | 2,460,443 (54.2) | 197,954 (65.0) | 275,926 (63.0) | 588,731 (56.9) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5 ± 2.7 | 24.6 ± 2.9 | 25.7 ± 3.1 | 26.5 ± 3.3 |
| Low income statusb | 743,447 (16.4) | 55,003 (18.1) | 80,770 (18.4) | 217,976 (21.1) |
| MetS components | ||||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 76.5 ± 7.9 | 82.4 ± 7.6 | 86.3 ± 8.0 | 88.2 ± 8.4 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 116.9 ± 12.5 | 123.1 ± 12.8 | 128.8 ± 13.3 | 129.87 ± 14.0 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73.3 ± 8.8 | 77.1 ± 9.0 | 80.4 ± 9.5 | 80.3 ± 9.8 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 91.9 ± 13.01 | 98.4 ± 21.0 | 106.3 ± 23.9 | 115.7 ± 33.7 |
| Tg (mg/dL) | 98.7 ± 61.2 | 135.7 ± 87.6 | 191.2 ± 135.2 | 200.4 ± 149.8 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 59.4 ± 14.5 | 53.1 ± 13.5 | 49.6 ± 13.7 | 48.6 ± 13.4 |
| CCI score | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.6 |
| Baseline lab parameters | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.1 ± 1.6 | 14.4 ± 1.6 | 14.5 ± 1.6 | 14.3 ± 1.6 |
| AST (IU/L) | 23.3 ± 15.8 | 26.0 ± 19.2 | 28.7 ± 20.3 | 29.6 ± 22.0 |
| ALP (IU/L) | 21.3 ± 20.1 | 26.8 ± 24.0 | 32.9 ± 27.0 | 33.7 ± 28.4 |
| Cr (mg/dL) | 0.87 ± 0.26 | 0.89 ± 0.26 | 0.89 ± 0.25 | 0.88 ± 0.29 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 93.9 ± 24.5 | 91.2 ± 23.9 | 90.0 ± 21.9 | 88.9 ± 23.0 |
| Urine albuminuria (≥ 1+) | 50,051 (1.1) | 4,501 (1.5) | 9,034 (2.1) | 35,361 (3.4) |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; MetS, metabolic syndrome; Tg, triglyceride.
a
All variables investigated in this table were statistically significantly different (P < 0.001) between the study groups. bIndividuals included in the lowest quartile (regarding required insurance fees or receiving free insurance) were categorized as the low-income group.