Table 3.

Summary of the key attributes and biomedical applications of representative BP-based nanocomposite hydrogels.

Polymer backbone	Metal source	Key attributes	Biomedical applications	Reference
PEG	Ca2+	Fast stress relaxation, Self-healing	Regenerative medicaine, Bioprinting	[74]
Gelatin	Bioactive glass	Adhesion, Robustness,	Bone regeneration	[90]
HA	MgSiO3 NPs	pH-responsiveness, Self-healing	Drug delivery	[77]
HA	Ag+	Injectability, Antimicrobial properties	Wound healing	[91]
HA	Ca2+	Shear-thinning, Self-healing	3D printing	[78]
HA	Mg2+	Injectability, Osteoinductivities	Drug delivery, Bone regeneration	[79,82,83]