Table 4.

Study of Comorbidities and Frailty in Lung Disease

Individual Comorbidities and Multimorbidity are associated with frailty in lung disease
Patient Population	Finding
Older adults, some of whom had spirometrically defined lung disease	The prevalence of arthritis increased across the 3 levels of frailty (42.9% not-frail, 54.8% pre-frail, 69.9% frail): (p<0.001)1
COPD	Arthritis was associated with higher odds of frailty (OR 2.34, p <0.05)9
Older adults, some of whom had spirometrically defined lung disease	The prevalence of depression increased across the 3 levels of frailty (4% not-frail, 17.1% pre-frail, 37.8% frail) (p<0.001)1
Older adults, some of whom had spirometrically defined lung disease	The prevalence of myocardial infarction history increased across the 3 levels of frailty (9.1% not-frail, 12.9% pre-frail, 20.1% frail)1
Older adults, some of whom had spirometrically defined lung disease	The prevalence of diabetes increased across the 3 levels of frailty (7.9% not-frail, 12.1% pre-frail, 18.7% frail) (p<0.001)1
COPD	Diabetes was associated with higher odds of frailty (OR 4.86, p <0.05)9
Older adults, some of whom had spirometrically defined lung disease	The prevalence of stroke history increased across the 3 levels of frailty (2.3% not-frail, 4.9% pre-frail, 8.6% frail) (p<0.001)1
Older adults, some of whom had spirometrically defined lung disease	The prevalence of heart failure increased across the 3 levels of frailty (1.5% not-frail, 2.8% pre-frail, 7.2% frail) (p<0.001)1
Older adults, some of whom had spirometrically defined lung disease	The prevalence of kidney disease increased across the 3 levels of frailty (1.3% not-frail, 2.7% pre-frail, 5.3% frail) (p<0.001)1
COPD	Hypertension was associated with higher odds of frailty (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.14–4.45)2
Older adults, some of whom had spirometrically defined lung disease	The prevalence of hypertension increased across the 3 levels of frailty (39.4% not-frail, 47.8% pre-frail, 52.2% frail) (p<0.001)1
COPD	Hypertension was associated with higher odds of frailty (OR 2.73, p <0.05)9
COPD	Cancer was associated with higher odds of frailty (aOR 45.8, p=0.02)7
ILD	Differences in MoCA scores were not significant among those who were frail compared to those who were not (MoCA score: 26±3 not-frail vs 26±4 frail)10
COPD	Liver disease was associated with higher odds of frailty (OR 4.21, p <0.05)9
COPD	Multimorbidity was associated with frailty (data not presented in article) (p=0.004)3
COPD	≥2 comorbidities was associated with higher odds of frailty (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.14–4.81)2
COPD	Mild, moderate, and severely frail patients had a higher comorbidity burden compared with those who were not frail (2.3±1.4 mild, 1.2±1.1 moderate, 2.4±1.2 severe vs 1.3±1.2 not frail, p <0.001)8
COPD	Comorbidity burden (% >4 comorbidities) increased across the 3 levels of frailty (2% not-frail vs 42.6% pre-frail vs 50% frail, p=0.001)6
COPD	Greater number of comorbidities was not significantly associated with higher odds of frailty (unfit) (≥3 comorbidities, OR 1.37, p=0.603; 2 comorbidities OR 2.00 p=0.192)5

^*COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CI= confidence interval; ILD= interstitial lung disease; OR= odds ratio; MoCA= Montreal cognitive assessment