Table 6.

Studies of Sex and Frailty in Lung Disease

Sex The prevalence offrailty was generally higher in females with lung disease than in males
Patient Population	Finding
COPD	Females had a higher frailty score (0.17 ± 0.09) compared with males (0.14 ± 0.09) (p <0.001)13
ILD	Females had a higher frailty score (0.238, IQR 0.120–0.358) and greater prevalence of frailty (56%) compared with males (0.167, IQR 0.071–0.286; prevalence 42%)14
Lung transplant candidates	Frail patients tended to be female (63% female vs 37% male frail, p-value NR)21
Older adults, some of whom had spirometrically defined lung disease	Frequency of females increased across the 3 levels of frailty (53.3% females not-frail, 60.3% pre-frail, 69.9% frail, p<0.001)1
COPD	Frailty tended to be more common among females compared with males (29.7% females vs 22.8% males, p=0.08)3
Lung transplant candidates	Females were more commonly frail than males (63% females vs 39% males, p = 0.02)12
ILD	No significant differences in frailty by sex (15% females vs 85% males not-frail vs 29% females vs 71% males frail, p-value NR)10
COPD	No significant differences in frailty by sex (80% males not-frail vs 79% males frail-disabled, p=0.884)2
ILD	Sex was not correlated with frailty (r= NR, p=0.81)17
COPD	Female sex was not significantly associated with frailty (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.50–1.42, p >0.05, compared to males)9
Chronic lung disease	No significant differences in 3 levels of frailty (not frail, pre-frail, frail) by sex (p-value NR)18

^*COPD= chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ILD= interstitial lung disease; IQR= interquartile range; NR= not reported; OR= odds ratio