Table 3.
Demographic characteristics among Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study participants with complete income data (n=2,484) by categories of food density within one kilometer of census block group at baseline
| Gender | Race/ethnicity | Income | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of outlets within one kilometer | Overall | Male | Female | Black, nHa | White, nH | Other | <$20,000 | $20,001 - $50,000 | >$50,001 | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Fast food | Zero | 576 (23.2) | 356 (26.4) | 220 (19.3) | 134 (13.8) | 390 (37.3) | 52 (11.1) | 101 (11.1) | 158 (22.1) | 317 (36.9) |
| 1-3 | 694 (27.9) | 360 (26.7) | 334 (29.4) | 305 (31.5) | 297 (28.4) | 92 (19.6) | 245 (27.0) | 207 (28.9) | 242 (28.1) | |
| 4-7 | 657 (26.5) | 331 (24.6) | 326 (28.7) | 299 (30.9) | 174 (16.6) | 184 (39.2) | 330 (36.3) | 179 (25.0) | 148 (17.2) | |
| 8+ | 557 (22.4) | 300 (22.3) | 257 (22.6) | 231 (23.8) | 185 (17.7) | 141 (30.1) | 232 (25.6) | 172 (24.0) | 153 (17.8) | |
| p-value | 0.0003 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Convenience stores | Zero | 994 (40.0) | 574 (42.6) | 420 (36.9) | 258 (26.6) | 593 (56.7) | 143 (30.5) | 247 (27.2) | 250 (35.0) | 497 (57.8) |
| 1-2 | 959 (38.6) | 488 (36.2) | 471 (41.4) | 423 (43.7) | 315 (30.1) | 221 (47.1) | 423 (46.6) | 288 (40.2) | 248 (28.8) | |
| 3+ | 531 (21.4) | 285 (21.2) | 246 (21.7) | 288 (29.7) | 138 (13.2) | 105 (22.4) | 238 (26.2) | 178 (24.8) | 115 (13.4) | |
| p-value | 0.01 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Fast food + Convenience stores | Zero | 481 (19.4) | 302 (22.4) | 179 (15.7) | 91 (9.4) | 345 (33.0) | 45 (9.6) | 70 (7.7) | 126 (17.6) | 285 (33.1) |
| 1-4 | 715 (28.8) | 379 (28.2) | 336 (29.6) | 294 (30.3) | 328 (31.4) | 93 (19.8) | 243 (26.8) | 210 (29.3) | 262 (30.5) | |
| 5-9 | 719 (28.9) | 357 (26.5) | 362 (31.8) | 334 (34.5) | 193 (18.4) | 192 (40.9) | 352 (38.8) | 201 (28.1) | 166 (19.3) | |
| 10+ | 569 (22.9) | 309 (22.9) | 260 (22.9) | 250 (25.8) | 180 (17.2) | 139 (29.7) | 243 (26.7) | 179 (25.0) | 147 (17.1) | |
| p-value | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Grocery stores | Zero | 1428 (57.5) | 793 (58.9) | 635 (55.9) | 507 (52.3) | 750 (71.7) | 171 (36.5) | 416 (45.8) | 424 (59.2) | 588 (68.4) |
| 1 | 593 (23.9) | 315 (23.4) | 278 (24.4) | 269 (27.8) | 196 (18.7) | 128 (27.3) | 255 (28.1) | 167 (23.3) | 171 (19.9) | |
| 2+ | 463 (18.6) | 239 (17.7) | 224 (19.7) | 193 (19.9) | 100 (9.6) | 170 (36.2) | 237 (26.1) | 125 (17.5) | 101 (11.7) | |
| p-value | 0.28 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| All food outlets | Zero | 455 (18.3) | 286 (21.2) | 169 (14.8) | 86 (8.9) | 329 (31.5) | 40 (8.5) | 66 (7.3) | 122 (17.0) | 267 (31.0) |
| 1-5 | 801 (32.3) | 433 (32.2) | 368 (32.4) | 322 (33.2) | 372 (35.6) | 107 (22.8) | 269 (29.6) | 231 (32.3) | 301 (35.0) | |
| 6-10 | 646 (26.0) | 313 (23.2) | 333 (29.3) | 305 (31.5) | 174 (16.6) | 167 (35.6) | 314 (34.6) | 187 (26.1) | 145 (16.9) | |
| 11+ | 582 (23.4) | 315 (23.4) | 267 (23.5) | 256 (26.4) | 171 (16.3) | 155 (33.1) | 259 (28.5) | 176 (24.6) | 147 (17.1) | |
| p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
| Modified retail food environment index | Zero | 455 (18.3) | 286 (21.2) | 169 (14.8) | 86 (8.9) | 329 (31.4) | 40 (8.5) | 66 (7.3) | 122 (17.0) | 267 (31.1) |
| FFR+CSb only | 973 (39.2) | 507 (37.7) | 466 (41.0) | 421 (43.4) | 421 (40.3) | 131 (27.9) | 350 (38.5) | 302 (42.2) | 321 (37.3) | |
| GSc: FFR+CS≤0.2 | 716 (28.8) | 381 (28.3) | 335 (29.5) | 314 (32.4) | 206 (19.7) | 196 (41.8) | 338 (37.2) | 198 (27.7) | 180 (20.9) | |
| GS: FFR+CS>0.2 | 340 (13.7) | 173 (12.8) | 167 (14.7) | 148 (15.3) | 90 (8.6) | 102 (21.8) | 154 (17.0) | 94 (13.1) | 92 (10.7) | |
| p-value | 0.001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||||
a
nH=non-Hispanic;
b
FFR+CS= fast food restaurants and convenience stores;
c
GS= grocery stores;