Table 4.
Multivariable adjusteda associations between categories of food density within one kilometer of census block group and dietary characteristics among males and females with complete income and diet data in the CRIC cohort (n=1889)
| Caloric intake (kcal/day) | Phosphorous (mg/day) | Sodium (mg/day) | Cholesterol (mg/day) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of outlets within one kilometer | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
| GMb (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | ||
| Fast food | Zero | 1953 (1837-2077) | 1353 (1261-1451) | 1180 (1106-1259) | 844 (782-909) | 3074 (2877-3286) | 2089 (1935-2255) | 245 (223-268) | 140 (126-155) |
| 1-3 | 1770 (1671-1875)* | 1464 (1381-1552)* | 1106 (1040-1176) | 912 (856-970) | 2903 (2727-3090) | 2255 (2116-2404) | 235 (216-256) | 165 (152-180)* | |
| 4-7 | 1880 (1769-1999) | 1503 (1415-1596)* | 1144 (1072-1221) | 949 (889-1012)* | 2876 (2691-3073) | 2317 (2169-2476)* | 236 (215-258) | 169 (154-185)* | |
| 8+ | 1920 (1803-2046) | 1396 (1304-1495) | 1177 (1100-1258) | 876 (814-943) | 3065 (2862-3282) | 2127 (1974-2292) | 245 (223-269) | 156 (141-173) | |
| p-value | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.77 | 0.02 | |
| Convenience stores | Zero | 1882 (1785-1986) | 1436 (1359-1518) | 1165 (1101-1232) | 911 (858-967) | 2989 (2822-3167) | 2230 (2098-2370) | 245 (227-265) | 153 (141-167) |
| 1-2 | 1840 (1744-1940) | 1464 (1389-1544) | 1115 (1054-1180) | 913 (862-966) | 2871 (2711-3041) | 2247 (2121-2381) | 226 (209-245) | 166 (154-180) | |
| 3+ | 1907 (1790-2032) | 1401 (1307-1501) | 1174 (1097-1255) | 868 (806-935) | 3085 (2880-3304) | 2129 (1974-2296) | 252 (229-277) | 157 (142-175) | |
| p-value | 0.56 | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.07 | 0.24 | |
| Fast food + convenience stores | Zero | 1949 (1825-2080) | 1345 (1245-1453) | 1188 (1108-1274) | 846 (779-919) | 3060 (2850-3284) | 2102 (1932-2288) | 245 (222-270) | 137 (122-154) |
| 1-4 | 1820 (1719-1927)* | 1487 (1404-1575)* | 1136 (1070-1207) | 920 (864-978) | 2952 (2775-3141) | 2283 (2143-2431) | 239 (219-260) | 166 (152-181)* | |
| 5-9 | 1849 (1742-1963) | 1458 (1375-1545) | 1122 (1053-1196) | 925 (869-985) | 2870 (2690-3062) | 2243 (2104-2391) | 234 (214-256) | 164 (151-179)* | |
| 10+ | 1910 (1795-2033) | 1409 (1316-1508) | 1166 (1092-1245) | 880 (818-947) | 3041 (2843-3252) | 2148 (1994-2314) | 243 (222-267) | 159 (144-176)* | |
| p-value | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.46 | 0.21 | 0.37 | 0.27 | 0.86 | 0.02 | |
| Grocery stores | Zero | 1853 (1766-1945) | 1436 (1371-1504) | 1140 (1083-1200) | 898 (855-944) | 2948 (2797-3107) | 2207 (2098-2322) | 234 (218-251) | 157 (147-169) |
| 1 | 1873 (1762-1992) | 1400 (1309-1497) | 1142 (1070-1219) | 869 (809-933) | 3014 (2820-3221) | 2185 (2030-2351) | 239 (219-262) | 163 (147-180) | |
| 2+ | 1922 (1786-2067) | 1501 (1393-1618) | 1177 (1089-1271) | 955 (881-1035) | 2960 (2735-3203) | 2281 (2101-2476) | 255 (229-284) | 163 (146-182) | |
| p-value | 0.65 | 0.31 | 0.74 | 0.16 | 0.81 | 0.68 | 0.35 | 0.75 | |
| All food outlets | Zero | 1941 (1816-2074) | 1344 (1243-1453) | 1186 (1105-1273) | 844 (776-918) | 3055 (2843-3283) | 2081 (1911-2267) | 243 (220-268) | 138 (123-155) |
| 1-5 | 1809 (1712-1912)* | 1456 (1377-1540) | 1121 (1057-1189) | 906 (853-962) | 2938 (2768-3120) | 2247 (2114-2389) | 237 (218-257) | 165 (151-179)* | |
| 6-10 | 1857 (1745-1976) | 1504 (1416-1598)* | 1137 (1065-1215) | 948 (889-1012)* | 2876 (2688-3076) | 2328 (2180-2487)* | 235 (214-258) | 169 (155-185)* | |
| 11+ | 1926 (1810-2050) | 1394 (1304-1491) | 1170 (1095-1250) | 873 (813-938) | 3048 (2849-3261) | 2105 (1956-2265) | 246 (224-270) | 153 (139-170) | |
| p-value | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.81 | 0.01 | |
| Modified retail food environment index | Zero | 1944 (1819-2077) | 1344 (1243-1453) | 1187 (1106-1273) | 844 (776-918) | 3046 (2835-3272) | 2081 (1910-2266) | 242 (219-267) | 138 (123-155) |
| FFR+CSc only | 1819 (1726-1916)* | 1469 (1397-1544)* | 1123 (1062-1187) | 918 (870-969) | 2905 (2746-3075) | 2248 (2127-2375) | 232 (214-250) | 164 (152-177)* | |
| GSd: FFR+CS≤0.2 | 1917 (1808-2032) | 1414 (1328-1507) | 1176 (1105-1251) | 879 (821-941) | 3058 (2871-3258) | 2154 (2010-2309) | 246 (225-268) | 162 (148-179)* | |
| GS: FFR+CS>0.2 | 1850 (1709-2004) | 1491 (1373-1620)* | 1118 (1028-1217) | 952 (871-1040)* | 2868 (2631-3126) | 2359 (2155-2583)* | 245 (218-276) | 162 (143-183)* | |
| p-value | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.12 | 0.57 | 0.05 | |
*
Statistically different p≤0.05 compared to zero outlets
a
Adjusted for age (continuous years), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, other), income (<$20,000, $20,001 - $50,000, >$50,000), education level (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate or more), marital status (never, formerly, or currently married), and study center
b
GM= geometric mean (95% CI: 95% confidence interval)
c
FFR+CS= fast food restaurants and convenience stores
d
GS= grocery stores